LONG SPAN STRUCTURE

•Long span building creates unobstructed,

column free space greater than 20 meters for
various functions.
•This includes activities where visibility is
important for large audiences eg auditorium,
where flexibility is important eg exhibition hall
and where large movable object are housed .
•Structure system in long span structure are
subject to bending which have both tensile and
compression forces.
•Types: Timber, concrete and steel(based on
material).
ADVANTAGES:
Large span systems can provide 15-30%
reduction in the dead weight as compared to
other long-span structural systems. PORTAL FRAME
DISADVANTAGES: • Portal frames are made in a variety of shapes and
The disadvantage is the cost, which in some sizes. They are usually made from steel, but can also
cases can be high compared with other be made from concrete or timber.
structural systems. • The portal structure is designed in such a way that it
ADVANTAGES has no intermediate columns, as a result large open
Speed and ease of erection – building areas can easily be created within the structure.
can quickly be closed and made water • Portal Frames are generally used for single storey
tight. construction which require a large unobstructed floor
Framework prefabricated in workshop space.
and not affected by weather.
Connected together in factories by
welding and site connections is bolted.
DISADVANTAGES
Although steel is incombustible it has
Portal frame with Crane portal frame Pitched roof portal frame
poor resistance to fire as it bend easily with column
internal 25-35 effective span
when hot. mezzanine brackets
Subject to corrosion Types of portal frame

KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
FOLDED PLATE

Folded plate are assembles of flat plates rigidly connected together along their edges in such a way that the structural system capable of carrying loads
without the need or additional supporting beams along mutual edges.
Load distribution
Principal of folding plate: Load distribution process:
The structural characteristics of folding structure • At first the external forces are
depend on: transferred to the shorter edge of
• The pattern of the folding . one folding element.
• Their geometrical basic shape. • There ,the reaction as an axial forces
• Its material. is divided between the adjacent
• The connection of different folding planes. element.
• The design of the bearings. • Than the forces transferred to the
bearing. CASE STUDY: TAGORE HALL
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Light form of construction • Shuttering is difficult
• Longer span can be provided • Greater accuracy in formwork is required
• Aesthetically it looks good over other forms of • Good labour and supervision is necessary
construction. • Rise of roof may be a disadvantage Detail of Shuttering

KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
PRECAST STRUCTURES
Precast structure are produced in mould and cured in control environment , transported to construction site and lifted into the place.
ADVANTAGES:
•Very rapid speed of erection.
•Rapid construction on site.
•High quality because of the control
condition In the factory.
•Pre stressing easily reduces size &
no. of structural members.
DISADVANTAGES:
•Cambering in beams and columns
PRINCIPLE •Limited building design flexibility.
The principle behind prestressed concrete is that compressive stresses induced by high strength steel tenuous in a concrete member before loads are
applied will balance the tensile stresses imposed in the member during service.

KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
Building construction involving multiple dissimilar materials is known as Composite
Structure.
The most common form of composite element in construction is a steel-concrete
composite , however, other types of composite include; steel-timber.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
Light weight Bad climate
High strength resistant
Design flexibility Vibratory load

DOME
• Domes are hemisphere in shape and used as a roof structure
•Support element of domes include columns, circular or regular
polygon shaped wall.
•If the dome is less than full a full hemisphere, a ring is required at
the base of the dome to contain the forces. c 4V Dome 3V Dome 2V Dome

A geodesic dome is a sphere-like structure A Monolithic Dome is a super-insulated, steel-reinforced

composed of a complex network of
triangles. The triangles create a self-
bracing framework that gives structural
strength while using a minimum of
material.
concrete structure that can be designed for virtually any
use: office or business complex, school, church, temple;
gymnasium or sports arena: theatre or amphitheatre,
airplane hangar, factory, bulk storage facility, house or
apartment complex, military installations etc monolithic geodesic

SPACE FRAME
A Space frame is a truss-like lightweight
structure from interlocking struts in a geometric • Save time and cost
pattern.
It can be used to span large areas with few
interior supports.
It is a 3D structure with assembled linear
elements, arranged to transfer the load.
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V
ADVANTAGES
• High inherent stiffness and light
• Offers freedom in locating supports and planning the subdivision of
covered space
• Services can be integrated with space frames
• Steel frame structure can be easily assembled on site using different
joinery such as welding, bolting, riveting.
KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION
It is term used that effectively moves people from one floor to other. FIREMAN'S LIFT:
It consists of: • For buildings having height of 15m or more
Elevators • Lift car floor area of not less than 1.44 sq.m
Escalators • Loading capacity of not less than 544 kg (8 persons).
Moving walkways • Lift landing doors shall have minimum fire resistance of
two hours.
ELEVATORS • The lift speed shall be 1.0 m/s or more
It is type of vertical transportation which moves people • Reachable time to the top floor from the ground (or
between the floors entrance) floor within 60 seconds.
COMPONENETS OF ELEVATORS AUTOMOBILE ELEVATORS:
Control room Guides • A car elevator is installed where ramps are
Lift car Lift car door considered space-in conservative.
Car rail Counter weight • Car elevators are usually used in parking the
Control PANEL Lift pit vehicles at different floors, automobile show
Buffer Hoist way room, automobile service centres etc.
Hoist rope Ventilation window PANORAMIC ELEVATORS:
Flexible cable Drive crank • Panoramic elevators , panoramic lift are
designed basically for malls and other
TYPES OF LIFT commercials buildings.
Stretcher lift • It has an overlook over other elevators
Goods lift : Machine room-less (MRL) elevators
They are designed to carry goods instead of Most of the components fit within the shaft containing the elevator car; and a
passengers small cabinet houses the elevator controller. Other than the machinery being in
CAPSULE LIFT: the hoist way, the equipment is similar to a normal traction elevator.
SAFETY PART OF THE CAPSULE ELEVATOR REQUIREMENTS FOR MACHINE ROOM
With the inclination of 15 degree from top floor to ground LIFT
floor, the clear distance at ground floor is created as No •Adequately ventilated
Man Area. This is done because in case the lifts falls no one •Shall be such
gets injured equipment are
CRITICAL PART OF THE CAPSULE ELEVATOR protected from dust and
To maintain the Centre of Gravity, the lift car is placed in humidity.
such a way that the outer glass panel portion and inner •Entrance door should
well portion have same dimension. be 1.7 to 3mts wide

KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
ESCALATORS
An escalator is a type of vertical
transportation in the form of a moving
staircase which carries people between the
floors
It consist of a motor driven chain of a
individually linked steps on a track which
cycle on a pair of tracks which keep them
horizontal
30° inclination This inclination
provides the highest travelling comfort
and maximum safety for the user.
35° inclination The 35° escalator is the
most efficient solution as it requires
less space and can be implemented
more cost-effectively. However, this
inclination is perceived as too steep if
rises exceed 5 m – particularly in
downward travel.

MOVING WALKWAYS
Moving walkways is a slow moving
conveyor mechanism that transports
people across
a horizontal or inclined plane over a
short to medium distance.
According To Inclination Angle
Horizontal and Inclined Walkways
a- Zero degrees inclination “Horizontal”
Moving Walkways.
b- Up to 15 degrees inclination “Inclined”
Moving Walkways.

KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
 SOUND INSULATION
MATERIALS USED FOR SOUND INSULATION:

Acoustic boards Acoustic Hangers Geocoustic Tiles Diffusers Rockinsul acoustic 6 Glass wool .  Air
•Fibre glass panel •Prefabricated •Irregular
•Cemented • Rockinsul acoustic 6 • Most effective, • Many of the
to a solid wrap with units fixed on surface buildings have
is a mineral wool and
insulation hung walls mounted on
backing fiber insulation made environmentally been constructed
•In ceiling by freely with rope wall or with the masonry
from basalt rock. friendly
ceiling
suspension • Non combusite.  insulation brick walls with an
system product.  air gap of 20-30
Sound insulation can be done by: • Non- mm, which
Decoupling combustible. provides good
• Decoupling is the means of mechanically separating the two sides of a structure so they vibrate TYPES: • Light weight.  insulation.
independently fr0m each other. By Absorption
• In images below a staggered stud wall which limits each stud to touching only one side of drywall. By Damping
• The vibrations cannot transit through the stud to the other side of the wall By Massing
By massing
• This is as simple as it sounds, adding mass to the
wall prevents the sound vibrations from ‘ pushing • The red arrow in the diagram demonstrate how
the wall around’. sound is conducted from there side to your side.
• The heavier the wall structure the harder the • The blue waves indicates airborne transmission .
wall is to vibrate. • The stud limits the vibration trying to conduct
through the wall.
• It is very important to note that a heavy wall will
still vibrate, just not as easily.
• But adding mass will improve things, its harder
for sound to move through this heavier wall.

KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
THERMAL INSULATION
INDEPENDENT LINTEL WINDOW SILL WINDOW JAMB EAVES
FOR EXPOSED WALL
Hollow wall or Cavity Construction
Partition wall
White wash
Suitable Heat Insulating material
FOR ROOF
Installing heat Resistant material
Water pooling
White washing
Use of Shading Device
BEAM AND BLOCK
• In beam and block deck, concrete blocks are laid between and supported by, concrete beam shaped like an inverted ‘t’. Advantages
• The lighter the block, the greater its contribution to the thermal performance of the floor; it’s also possible to use infill • Durability
blocks made from polystyrene insulation. • Resistance to ground
• The beam vary in depth, can be 130-150mm . moisture
• Beam depth and profiles are selected according to span and loading requirements, along with the type of block specified. • Fire safety
• Infill blocks are then positioned between the t-beams , these blocks are usually lightweight concrete. • Resistance to passage
• A sand cement grout is often brushed over the surface, filling any gaps providing a good load distribution and avoiding of heat
movement in the blocks. The grout also keeps insects and vermin out and assists with air tightness. • Resistance to passage
of sound
• Insulation is usually positioned on the beam and block
floor, a concrete topping or screed is then laid onto the
insulation.
• An upstand perimeter insulation is installed around the
edge of the concrete topping or screed in order to prevent
thermal bridging.
• Expanded polystyrene blocks are also used as infill
between the beams. These blocks provide excellent
thermal performance, also increase the construction
times as they are light weight and easy to work with.
• Additional insulation layer is positioned over polystyrene
infill blocks.

KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
JOINTS
Expansion joint
•Expansion due to thermal
resistance
•Safely absorb the heat and
vibration
AT every 40 m in building
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V
Seismic Joints Contraction Joints
• seismic activity, ground motion, • random cracking
or soil failure •A fresh concrete mixture is a
•creates a separation between the fluid, plastic mass that can be
adjacent buildings or parts of moulded into
buildings virtually any shape
Size:50mm
KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
 KSHITIKA SHAH(1663)
BUILDING CONSTUCTION -V SEM V
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANANT NATIONAL UNIVERSITY