Ar.

Antara Nandy
Assistant
Professor
Rani Rashmoni

HVAC Services in
College of
Architecture,
Durgapur (W.B)

Buildings
BUILDING SERVICES II (ARCH 602)

02/06/2020
  HVAC System constitutes of heating, ventilation and air
conditioning facilities.
 It’s purpose is to ensure safe & comfortable Indoor Air Quality, IAQ
inside the buildings.
 ASHRAE (the American Society of Heating, Refridgeration,
Introducing and Air-conditioning Engineers), defines comfortable air
quality as one “with which a substantial majority (80% or
HVAC more) of the people exposed do not express
dissatisfaction.”
 Air cooling differs from air conditioning in a way that no
control of humidity or Air movement is carried out in air
cooling.
  Ventilation may be defined as the supply of fresh outside air
into an enclosed space or the removal of inside air from the
enclosed space. In other words, ventilation is the removal of
all situated air from a building and its replacement with
fresh air.
 Its various functions include: Creation of air movement;
Prevention of undue accumulation of carbon dioxide,
flammable concentration of gas vapour, accumulation of
Ventillation dust and bacteria-carrying particles, odour caused by
decomposition of building material, condensation or
deposition of moisture on wall surfaces & suffocation
conditions in conference rooms, committe halls, cinema
halls, big rooms etc.; Removal of body heat generated/
liberated by the occupants
 Cross-Ventilation is provided to increase the Rate of Air
movement in a naturally ventilated building.
 Fans are used in the case of mechanically ventilated
buildings.
 In an enclosed space, the range for the Rate of Air
Change is 1-60/ hour. Air Change/ hour is the volume
of outside air allowed in a room per hour compared to
the volume of the room.
 As per IS: 3362-1965 a minimum of 3 air changes per
hour should be provided in living room, Kitchen,
Bedroom, Bathroom and Water closet each, where the
family size doesn’t exceed 5 occupants.
 Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of amount of
water vapour present in air to the amount of water
vapour if the air were saturated at the same
temperature. Relative humidity within the range of 30- Recommendation for public
70 % at the working of 21°C is desirable. buildings
 In general, the difference between the inside and outside
temperatures is not allowed to go beyond 8°C.
 Effective Temperature is an index which combines into a single
value, the effect of air movement, humidity and temperature.
 The common values of effective temperatures in winter and
summer are 20°C and 22°C respectively.
 Air in habitable rooms should never contain more than 0.06% of
CO2 , less than 0.5 ppm is sulphur dioxide & less than 0.5mg of
suspended impurity.
 SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION

Natural Ventilation Mechanical/ Artificial

Ventilation

WIND EFFECT 1. Extraction System

STACK EFFECT
Ventilation due to wind 2. Plennum System
Convention effects arising from
effect 3. Extraction- Plennum
difference in-
System
▪ Temperature/ vapour pressure
4. Air-Conditioning
between inside & outside;
▪ Height between outlet & inlet
openings
  Air Conditioning is such a process that is put to practice to control
the temperature, humidity, purity and flow of air in an enclosed
space.
 Most AC systems work on one principle:  when a fluid is
compressed, it “throws away” the heat it contains, and
when it expands, it absorbs heat from its surroundings.
 Therefore by alternately compressing and releasing a
Air fluid, one can make it “absorb” heat from inside a building
and release it outside.
Conditioning  There are 3 main types of air conditioning: (1) Central
plant, where the conditioned air is treated and led into
various rooms with the help of duct-work. (2) Air & Water
system, when air treated in a central plan is passed over
hot or cold water flowing through could from a boiler and
refrigeration plant. (3) Self-contained units, where air from
outside is drawn into the unit through short duct in the
wall.
 An air conditioning system has 3 components:
 a central plant,
 a distribution system, and
 a rejection unit.  
The central plant, also called a chiller plant, contains the core of
Components the system.  This is the part that actually compresses the fluid
(called a refridgerant) in order to make it give off its heat.
of an Air
 The distribution system serves to distribute the “coolth” (the
Conditioning opposite of heat) generated by the chillers throughout the
building, which must be transferred to the air inside the
System building.
The distribution system therefore either distributes coolth or
collects heat from throughout the building and passes the heat
on to the chiller.  The chiller must then reject, or pass on this
heat to the external atmosphere.  This work is done by the
rejection unit. These are of two types, air-cooled and water-
cooled systems. 
 
 Since it is difficult to move all the air in the building to the
central plant, an AC designer will usually transfer the
coolth to another fluid, such as water, which is then
circulated to a unit on every floor that in turn cools the air.
 Such a device is called an Air Handling Unit or AHU.  
 AHU takes cold water from the chiller plant and cools the
air coming into it.  It essentially consists of a large fan and
a heat exchanger, through which the cold water passes on
its coolth to the air.  Cold water is pumped to AHUs
throughout the building through a well-insulated pipe.
 An air-cooled system consumes more energy but no
water; a water-cooled consumes a fair quantity of water,
but less energy, and is also quieter. 
 It is also possible to use the water from a sewage
treatment plant in a water-cooled system.
  All AHU rooms must have a floor drain, as condensation from the air will
collect in the unit.

 One should provide fresh air to every AHU.

 Split Units do not provide any fresh air; they must be used only when one is
certain that the doors to the space will be opened frequently.
Salient
 All AHU rooms and fan rooms will be at negative pressure, so the doors
features leading to them must open outwards and be airtight.

 Any rooms with foul air should be provided with extraction, so that they
remain at negative pressure. This will prevent the foul air from drifting out to
any other space.  Kitchens and toilets are an example.

 In an office it is a good idea to provide standalone AC units for conference

rooms and executive cabins.  These can be used by people working late or on
weekends, when the main AC system is off.
 The diffusion of heat takes place through floors, walls, ceilings and
windows of buildings.
 Cooling Capacity of an AC refers to the ability of the unit to extract
heat from a given room and is measured in BTU/hour. For describing
the heat capacity of larger units, the term ‘ton of refrigeration’ is used.
1 ton of refrigeration =12000 BTU/he =3000kcal/hr
 Generally, Split-phase motor IS used while in some air conditioners
shaded-pole motor is also used.
 Thermostat is used to monitor the room temperature and start or stop
the motor. Whenever the room temperature increases, the thermostat
contacts close and start the compressor. When temperature decreases
the contacts open up and compressor stops.
 When excessive current through the motor flows in the disc,
temperature increases, circuit automatically opens and stops the
motor. This Overload protection is provided inside the compressor to
protect the motor.
  Electric fans are used to generate artificial or mechanical
circulation of air in the rooms.
 They are found in four types: 1. Table fan. 2. Pedestal fan.
3. Exhaust fan. 4. Ceiling fan
 Generally, the rated voltage assigned to fans is 240V, AC 50Hz.
 The diameter God the circle traced out by the extreme tips of the
Air Cooling fan blades is called Blade sweep.
 Distance of ceiling fan from ceiling is 300mm to 400mm. Distance
of ceiling fan from ground is 2500mm – 3000mm.
 For safety, when metal is employed for fan’s body or blades, it
must have anearth connection, a 3-core cable and a 3-pin plug.
Table fans are usually double insulated. Therefore, they do not
need an earth connection.
Pedestal Fan Table Fan