THE PATH TO MODERN SPAIN

• FIRST REPUBLIC (1873-1874)

• RESTORATION (1874-1931)
• SECOND REPUBLIC (1931-1936)
• CIVIL WAR (1936-1939)
• POSTWAR (1939-1975): FRANCO`S DICTATORSHIP
• DEMOCRACY (1975-
RESTORATION (1874-1931)
• THE RETURN OF THE BOURBON DYNASTY TO POWER.
• LESS DEMOCRACY AND FREEDOM.
• KINGS IN POWER:
• ALFONSO XII 1875-1885
• REGENT MARIA CRISTINA 1885-1902
• ALFONSO XIII: 1902-1931

• POLITICAL PARTIES: CÁNOVAS DEL CASTILLO (CONSERVATIVE PARTY) CREATED THE

• “TURNO PACÍFICO” POLITICAL SYSTEM: CONSERVATIVE PARTY AND LIBERAL PARTY ALTERNATED
• IN THE ACCESS TO POWER.
• ELECTIONS WERE HELD, BUT THEY WERE DEMOCRATIC.
• THIS POLITICAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT WAS CALLED “CACIQUISMO”.
RESTORATION (II)
• CRISIS OF 98: SHORT WAR AGAINST USA, CUBA, PUERTO RICO AND PHILIPPINES WERE LOST. THIS “END
FOR EMPIRE”CREATED NEGATIVE FEELINGS ABOUT SPAIN.

• MORE PEOPLE SAW THAT THE SYSTEM WAS CORRUPT AND DID NOT TRUST IN THE GOVERNMENT.
• GENERATION OF 98: GROUP OF INTELLECTUALS
WHO WROTE CRITICALLY ABOUT SPAIN´S POLITICS.

• WORKING CLASS AND REGIONALIST PARTIES WERE OUT OF THE SYSTEM.

•  MILITARY COUP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA (SUPORTED BY ALFONSO XIII) (1923-1930)
MODERNISATION
• THE SOCIETY MOVED AWAY FROM TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURA IN RURAL AREAS TO INDUSTRIAL, URBAN
LIFE.

• THE SOCIETY, ORGANISED IN CAPITALIST CLASES:

• UPPER CLASS: BOURGEOISIE: NOBILITY + INDUSTRY FACTORY OWNERS & BANKERS
• MIDDLE CLASS: PROFESSIONALS + SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS (LESS WEALTHY)
• WORKING CLASS: WORKERS AT FACTORIES + AGRICULTURAL WORKERS (LOW SALARY)
THE CIVIL WAR (1936-1939)
NATIONALISTS
• THEY SUPPORTED FRANCO
• THEY HAD MORE MILITARY POWER,
USED A MILITARY STRUCTURE. THEY
HAD FOREING SUPPORT (NAZI
GERMANY) AND OCCUPIED THE MAIN
FOOD-PRODUCING AREAS
REPUBLICANS
• THEY SUPPORTED THE 2ND REPUBLIC
• THEY WERE UNTRAINED MILITIA,
LACKED UNITY AND COULD NOT HAVE
FOREING SUPPORT. (NON-
INTERVENTION).
FRANCO DICTATORSHIP (IN THE POPLET)
• FRANCO ABOLISHED AND ESTABLISHED A DICTATORSHIP FROM 1939 UNTIL 1975: IMPOSED NEW LAWS LIMITING THE CIVIL LIBERTIES; REPRESSED
OPPONENTS; ENACTED POLICES OF AUTARKY

• PRESS, ART, FILMS, ETC... CENSORED; POLITICAL PARTIES & UNIONS, ILLEGALIZED; REGIONAL TRADITIONS & LANGUAGES, RESTRICTED; SOME PEOPLE
WERE IMPRISIONED OR KILLED FOR POLITICAL BELIEFS. THERE WAS AN ECONOMIC CRISIS. FOOD SHORTAGES & RATIONING OCCURRED.

• LIFE IN SPAIN WAS DIFFICULT FOR MOST OF THE POPULATION & ECONOMY WAS FALLING.
• GOVERNMENT EASED SOME POLICIES, BUT RESTRICTED SOME CIVIL LIBERTIES,
• ECONOMY STARTED TO IMPROVE
• MANY SPANIARDS EMIGRATED TO EUROPE FOR WORK
• FOREIGN TOURISM INCREASED
• THE QUALITIY OF LIFE OF THE PEOPLE BEGAN TO IMPROVE BUT THEY WERE STILL WITHOUT MANY FREEDOMS
BACK TO DEMOCRACY
• AFTER FRANCO DEATH LEADERS AND PEOPLE CHOSE A PEACEFULLY TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY.

• 1975, BEFORE THAT, FRANCO CHOSE KING JUAN CARLOS I

• 1976 THE KING APPOINTED ADOLFO SUÁREZ AS PRIME MINISTER. HE LED THE REFORM: PARTIES
LEGALISED; WORKERS, WITH RIGHTS; FREE ELECTION
DEMOCRACY
• 1977 FIRST DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS
• ON 6 DECEMBER 1978 REFERENDUM IN FAVOUR OF NEW CONSTITUTION
• DEMOCRACY IN SPAIN: CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY; PEOPLE RIGHTS, GUARANTEED (EQUALITY,
FREEDOM, OF EXPRESSION)

• 1982: SPAIN JOINED THE NATO

• 1982: SPAIN ENTERED TO EEC
• 2002: SPAIN ENTERED THE EUROZONE