Process Overview With Sample Graphics

HUB SELECTION & LOS SURVEY
PROCESS OVERVIEW WITH SAMPLE GRAPHICS
HNTELECOM
CONSULTANTS AND PROJECT MANAGERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION AND LOS SURVEY PROCESS

OVERVIEW
SECTION 2. HUB SELECTION REPORT WITH SAMPLE

CONTENTS
SECTION 3. PRELIMINARY SURVEY REPORT WITH

SAMPLE CONTENTS
SECTION 4. LOS COVERAGE STUDY REPORT WITH

SAMPLE CONTENTS
SECTION 5. HN TELECOM LOS VIEWER AND SAMPLE

DATABASE IMAGES
SECTION 6. SUMMARY OF FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF

THE HN TELECOM METHODOLOGY
HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 38

SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION AND LOS SURVEY
PROCESS OVERVIEW
 Introduction
 LOS Survey Process Overview

 Hub Selection
 Field Survey
 LOS Analysis
 The HN LOS Viewer

INTRODUCTION

HN Telecom (HN) has developed photogrammetric survey technology that
satisfies he demanding line-of-sight (LOS) requirements of Broadband
Wireless Access (BWA) systems.
This innovative technology blends traditional microwave path survey

techniques with photography and proprietary GIS software. The result is a
survey methodology that provides BWA system operators the benefits of
accurate LOS determinations at substantial cost savings. The process is
flexible, and can be adapted to meet the specific requirements of the Wireless
Carrier.
This presentation provides an overview of the HN Telecom

Photogrammetric Survey process, and includes sample contents and
graphics excerpted from actual HN reports.


OVERVIEW: HUB SELECTION

HN uses aerial photography and a high resolution stereoscope to select
candidate hub buildings.
An aerial photo Hub Selection Report is prepared for each city.

It consists of:
a) A city map showing the proposed service areas;
b) A street map locating the primary and alternate candidate hub
buildings;
c) An aerial photo showing the selected building locations;
d) A summary table giving the street location, approximate number
of floors and aerial photo reference for each candidate building.
The Hub Selection Report gives Wireless Carriers the information they
need to properly assess the coverage (and therefore revenue) potential of
candidate hubs.

OVERVIEW: FIELD SURVEY
Once a list of candidate hub buildings has been established, the next step is identify the
two best candidate buildings for each hub. HN staff travel to the city, and survey the
roofs of the short-listed buildings to confirm engineering suitability and take horizon
photos from the proposed antenna locations.
In just a few hours, with only one trip to the roof, ALL THE DATA REQUIRED
TO UNDERTAKE A COMPLETE LOS ANALYSIS AND DEPLOY THE LAST
MILE IS GATHERED.
HN prepares a Preliminary Survey Report for each surveyed building consisting of:
a) Photos of building and rooftop details;
b) The 28mm lens horizon photos for each hub surveyed;
c) A location and preliminary shadow map for each candidate hub showing
blockage sectors caused by buildings, hills, etc.
The Preliminary Survey Report assists the Wireless Carrier with leasing hub buildings
that offer the best LOS visibility characteristics.

OVERVIEW: LOS COVERAGE ANALYSIS
For those buildings that are to be leased by the Wireless Carrier

implemented as hubs, HN undertakes a detailed coverage analysis using the
data collected in the field survey.
HN prepares a Coverage Study Report consisting of two printed volumes (11” x

17” format), plus a soft-copy on CD containing the LOS building database,
additional GIS data, and the HN LOS Viewer software.
Volume I consists of:

a) Photos of the hub building taken from street level, rooftop details and a
dimensioned sketch showing the proposed antenna locations, ground
elevation and building height;
b) Scanned images of 28mm horizon photos with an angular grid, i.e., lines
of constant azimuth referenced to North and lines of constant angular
elevation referenced to the horizontal plane through the camera;
c) All horizon photos mounted in a continuous format taken from the
proposed antenna locations, with azimuth bearing markers referenced to
North.

OVERVIEW: LOS COVERAGE ANALYSIS
Volume II consists of:

a) A detailed shadow map prepared on an orthophoto showing
areas where LOS visibility is blocked by buildings, etc.;
b) An index sheet to the LOS coverage maps, prepared as an
overlay on the orthophoto;
c) One minute by one minute coverage maps prepared on an
orthophoto showing street names and footprints of buildings with
LOS visibility from the hub.
HN LOS Viewer & Database:

The soft-copy component provides a GIS database of the photographs and
LOS results contained in Volumes I & II. The soft copy includes the
proprietary LOS Viewer and User’s Guide.

OVERVIEW: THE HN LOS VIEWER
The LOS Viewer software enables the user to make angular measurements
on the horizon photo images, similar to what could be achieved with a
surveyor’s transit set up at the hub.
Used in conjunction with the Coverage Study database, the LOS Viewer
allows the user to see correlating views of a building on a horizon
photo and an orthophoto -- all via a point-and-click process.
The HN process gives the Wireless Carrier a pre-confirmed set of target
subscribers, and eliminates the need for costly subscriber-end LOS field
confirmations.
With the LOS Viewer, see path details and potential antenna
mounting locations at subscriber buildings without going to the field.

SECTION 2
HUB SELECTION REPORT WITH
SAMPLE CONTENTS
 Hub Selection Summary
 Service Area Map
 Building Location Map
 Building Selection Aerial Photo

HUB SELECTION SUMMARY
 The Hub Selection Summary provides a complete catalogue of candidate

hub buildings.
 HN uses aerial photography and a high resolution stereoscope to select

candidate hub buildings. Selected buildings are referenced to applicable
aerial photography and street atlas pages.
 The following slide shows a sample Summary. The candidate hub buildings
are evaluated and letter-ranked. An “A”-ranked building (e.g. HN080-1A) is
the optimal choice.
 The “Hub Index Number” indicated in the first column can be used to located
the hub service area on the Service Area Map.

HUB SELECTION SUMMARY

Hub Candidate Approx. Line & Street
Index Building Number Photo Atlas
Number Preference Location of Floors Number Page No. Comments
Rank No.
1 HN080-1A 182 Street and 114 Avenue 4 L 12 – 92 220 It looks like a silo (3 together)
HN080-1B 114 Avenue near 182 Street 3 L 12 – 92 220 A large building with penthouse and 2 small towers on top
HN080-1C 184 Street and 111 Avenue 3 L 12 – 92 220 A flat roof, it would need a small tower
2 HN080-2A 165 Street near 88 Avenue 16 L 11 – 53 227 Flat roof with penthouse, the northern building of two
HN080-2B 170 Street near 87 Avenue 13 L 11 – 53 227 Flat roof with large penthouse
HN080-2C 87 Avenue near 170 Street 10 L 11 – 53 227 Flat roof with large penthouse
3 HN080-3A 115 Avenue and 135 Street 16 L 10 – 20 222 Flat roof with penthouse, building is L-shaped
HN080-3B 118 Avenue and St Albert 4 L 10 – 20 222 Flat roof with penthouse
HN080-3C Trail 3 L 10 – 20 222 Flat roof with penthouse
118 Avenue and Groat Road
4 HN080-4A 127 Avenue near 130 Street 12 L 9 – 309 216 Flat roof with penthouse
HN080-4B 127 Avenue near 121 Street 4 L 9 – 309 216 Flat roof with multiple penthouses
HN080-4C 121 Street near 120 Avenue 3 L 9 – 309 222 Flat roof

SERVICE AREA MAP
 The coverage ranges depicted on

the Service Area Map are shown
as purple circles. While all of the
candidate buildings are indicated
on the map, coverage range rings
are only shown for the “A”-ranked
buildings.
 Each hub coverage area is labeled,

and the number corresponds to the
“Hub Index Number” listed in
the preceding Hub Selection
Summary.
 Pins indicate the location of the

candidate buildings.
 The pink dots and yellow squares

represent geocoded business data.

BUILDING LOCATION MAP
 A detailed view of the candidate
buildings for each hub is shown
on the Building Selection and
Building Location maps.
 The Buildings Location Map

(shown adjacent) indicates the
location of the candidate buildings
on a street map.

BUILDING SELECTION MAP
 The Building Selection Map

indicates the location of the
candidate buildings as they
appear on the aerial photo.
 The aerial photo provides useful HN080-1B

terrain and land use information
important to the hub selection
HN080-1A
process.
HN080-1C

SECTION 3
PRELIMINARY SURVEY REPORT
WITH SAMPLE CONTENTS
 Building & Rooftop Detail Photos
 28mm Coverage Photos
 Location & Preliminary Shadow Map

BUILDING AND ROOFTOP DETAILS
 Having selected the best two
candidate buildings for each
planned hub (see Section 2), HN
undertakes a rooftop survey of these
buildings.
 The engineering suitability of the

buildings is confirmed, and a
decision is made regarding suitable
antenna locations.
 The Preliminary Survey Report

documents the rooftop details of
the candidate buildings, and also
includes photos of the buildings
taken at street level.
..

THE SURVEY PROCESS
 On the roof, the HN field engineer takes measurements of the rooftop, and
documents its prominent features. GPS and other survey data are recorded.
This information is provided on a rooftop sketch, and includes a precise
indication of camera setup and proposed antenna locations.
 The field engineer also takes a series of wide and narrow angle photographs
of the horizon from each planned antenna location. The camera sees what
the antenna will see, and in this way LOS path conditions are established.
 The photographs, in combination with the other survey data collected, contain
all of the information necessary to make complete LOS determinations at a
later date.
 The Preliminary Survey Report provides a wide-angle horizon panorama for

each prospective antenna location on the candidate hub building. The
panorama includes azimuth reference points.
 Typically, the wide-angle panorama is comprised of 28mm photos. The

following page shows an excerpt from a 28mm Coverage panorama.

28mm COVERAGE

LOCATION & PRELIMINARY SHADOW MAP
 Data from the horizon photos is
used to determine which areas
within the hub range are visible,
and which areas are blocked
(“shadowed”) from view.
 The “shadows” created by

obstructive buildings or natural
physical land features are shown in
solid orange on the Shadow Map.
 At this stage in the planning

process, the Shadow Map is
particularly useful for making “first
cut” determinations regarding the
suitability of a potential hub building.
 As shown here, the Shadow can

also be used in conjunction with
demographic and land use data, or
a list or target client buildings.
 If the Wireless Carrier is planning to

deploy multiple hubs, a Composite
Shadow Map can also be provided.
SECTION 4
LOS COVERAGE STUDY REPORT
WITH SAMPLE CONTENTS
 Typical 28mm Wide Angle Lens Panorama

Photographs taken from the Hub Antenna
Location
 Typical 200mm Telephoto Lens Panorama

Photographs taken from the Hub Antenna
Location
 Typical Hub Shadow Map
 Typical Hub LOS Coverage Index
 Typical Hub LOS Coverage Maps

THE LOS COVERAGE STUDY REPORT
 The Coverage Study Report provides the detailed LOS information
necessary for fixed BWA network planning, system design, and
implementation.
 The Coverage Study Report answers three basic questions:
-What buildings can be served from a given hub?

-Where are these buildings located?
-Where on these buildings can subscriber antennas be located?
 The end result is a comprehensive report presenting a set of LOS buildings

that can be targeted as service recipients.

 This sample photo is excerpted from
a panorama similar to the one
shown in Section 3.
 The photo is an example of the

degree of detail shown in the 28mm
coverage photos.
 These wide-angle photos are useful

for locating and identifying buildings
at close range.
 In order to provide complete and

detailed coverage information, these
photos are used in conjunction with
narrow angle photos.
 A blue box is added here to frame

the area covered by the narrow
angle 200mm photo shown on the
following page.

 The narrow angle photos show a
much more detailed view of the
coverage area, and are useful for
locating and studying buildings
farther away from the hub.
 The soft copy component of the

Report allows for a much more
detailed analysis of the images
presented here (see Section 5).

 In conjunction with the horizon photo
analysis process, HN uses digital
orthophotos (rectified aerial
photographs) to determine the
precise geographical location of
buildings within service range.
 The Shadow Map shown in the

LOS Coverage Study presents the
shadowed regions on a digital
orthophoto. Data from the horizon
photo is used to determine which
buildings (or parts of buildings) are
visible, and which are blocked
(“shadowed”) from view.
 Footprints and Roofprints (marked

in green and yellow) of LOS
buildings that house potential clients
are also shown on the orthophoto.
New buildings (seen on the horizon
photos but built subsequent to the
date of the aerial photography) are
shown with a red outline.

THE COVERAGE INDEX
 Hub visibility coverage information is
presented as a series of Coverage
Maps overlaid on an orthophoto.
The Coverage Index is the key to
this series of maps, and it gives an
overview of a hub visibility for the
entire service range.
 The index numbers identify 1x1

minute grid segments that contain
buildings with LOS visibility. Each
identified 1x1 minute segment has
a corresponding detailed Coverage
Map.

THE COVERAGE MAP
 The 1x1 Coverage Maps clearly
indicate the position of buildings with
LOS visibility (shown in green and
yellow). Highways and major
Main St.
streets are labeled.
XYZ St.
Highway 1
 New buildings visible on the horizon

photographs but constructed after
the date of the aerial photography
are shown with a red outline.
Curve Way
ABC Ave
HN TELECOM Page 27 of 38
SECTION 5
SAMPLE CONTENTS FROM
HN TELECOM LOS VIEWER
 Typical Computer Image of a 28mm Horizon

Photo with Angular Grid
 Typical 200mm Horizon Photo Showing a

Detailed View of a Section of the 28mm Photo
 Correlation of Building Footprint with

Corresponding LOS Building on Horizon Photo
 Panorama Index

THE LOS VIEWER
 The Coverage Study Report is provided in both hard and soft copy format.
 The soft copy includes additional GIS database information about identified
LOS buildings that cannot be easily shown in the printed volumes. This
includes building elevation, coordinates, distance, and bearing from the hub.
 The proprietary LOS Viewer software included with the soft copy enables
angular measurements to be made on the horizon photo images, similar to
that which could be achieved with a surveyor’s transit set up at the hub.
 Horizon photos viewed with the LOS Viewer are displayed with angular grids
showing accurate lines of azimuth (referenced to true north) and elevation
(referenced to the horizontal plane through the camera).

28mm Photo with Angular Grid
7.5 km
0.75 km

THE LOS VIEWER
 The two buildings shown at 0.75 km and 7.5 km on the 28mm horizon photo are
also marked on the 210mm photo (next page). Note that the grid remains
consistent between photographic views.
 Using MapInfo, these softcopy images can be further magnified as needed by the
user. This permits the easy identification of viable locations for mounting a
subscriber antenna prior to visiting the client site.

210mm Photo with Angular Grid
7.5 km
0.75 km

PANORAMA INDEX
 The Panorama Index is an important feature of the LOS Viewer. A sample index
is shown on the following page.
 The polygons are the outlines of photos taken from a prospective antenna location
on a hub roof. Referenced to a grid indicating azimuth and elevation, the
Panorama Index allows for easy navigation of available photos.
 The LOS Viewer shows an unique index for each antenna location (sub-hub). The
index contains all photos (narrow and wide angle) available for viewing. With the
LOS Viewer, a photo on this panorama can be opened, and a LOS building on the
photo can be quickly matched to a plan view of the same building on an orthophoto.

PANORAMA INDEX
The Panorama Index shows the narrow angle and wide angle photos available for viewing.

VIEWING CORRELATION
 The LOS Viewer makes it easy to find correlating orthophoto and horizon photo
building images. The “Correlation” function can be initiated from either the horizon
photo or the orthophoto.
 The following page identifies a subscriber building in the two photographic views.
Note that the azimuth ray (yellow line) on the orthophoto at 198° corresponds to the
location of the building relative to the angular grid on the horizon photo.
 A red cross indicates the correlated building in the two windows. The LOS Viewer
places “correlation” markers on buildings selected by the user, meaning there is no
guesswork involved in determining which building matches which footprint. Finding
a correlating view of a LOS building is literally a point-and-click process.
 Other LOS Viewer features:

• Paths to RF interference sources can be viewed on the horizon photos by
inputting their site co-ordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevation AMSL).
• LOS Coverage Study data can be used to generate an exportable 3D
database of LOS buildings for use with RF interference programs.

Orthophoto Window Horizon Photo Window
Subscriber building at 1.0 km showing

proposed antenna location

SECTION 6
SUMMARY OF FEATURES AND
BENEFITS OF THE HN TELECOM METHODOLOGY

SUMMARY OF FEATURES AND BENEFITS
 Accuracy: LOS visibility from the hub antenna location to potential subscriber buildings is established
by direct observation. The HN methodology provides the real world LOS data required for link
implementation and is not subject to the errors and limitations of computer analysis using 3D building
database models.
 Implementation Tool: LOS Viewer and calibrated photos can be directly used for planning, system
design and implementation, and permit viewing of real world LOS conditions on any terrestrial path
from the hub.
 Large Scale Blockages: A shadow map is presented on an orthophoto showing the areas where
buildings, terrain, etc. block visibility, i.e., the map shows areas that cannot be served from this hub
location.
 Sales Reference Tool: Hub visibility coverage maps are presented as a series of orthophoto grid
maps showing street names and footprints of buildings with LOS visibility. The grid maps provide a
ready reference for Sales Staff, identifying potential customer buildings that can be served from this
hub location.
 View Correlation and Proper Placement of Subscriber Antenna: The LOS Viewer quickly shows
correlation between aerial and horizon views. This permits the easy identification of viable locations for
mounting the subscriber antenna prior to visiting the client site.
 RF Interference Sources: Paths to RF interference sources can be viewed on the horizon photos by
inputting their site co-ordinates (latitude, longitude and elevation AMSL).
 Use With RF Interference Programs: LOS coverage study data can be used to generate an
exportable 3D database of LOS buildings for use with RF interference programs.

Process Overview With Sample Graphics

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Process Overview With Sample Graphics

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HUB SELECTION & LOS SURVEY

PROCESS OVERVIEW WITH SAMPLE GRAPHICS

SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION AND LOS SURVEY PROCESS

SECTION 2. HUB SELECTION REPORT WITH SAMPLE

SECTION 3. PRELIMINARY SURVEY REPORT WITH

SECTION 4. LOS COVERAGE STUDY REPORT WITH

SECTION 5. HN TELECOM LOS VIEWER AND SAMPLE

SECTION 6. SUMMARY OF FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 38

 LOS Survey Process Overview

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 3 of 38

This innovative technology blends traditional microwave path survey

This presentation provides an overview of the HN Telecom

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 4 of 38

An aerial photo Hub Selection Report is prepared for each city.

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 5 of 38

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 6 of 38

For those buildings that are to be leased by the Wireless Carrier

HN prepares a Coverage Study Report consisting of two printed volumes (11” x

Volume I consists of:

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 7 of 38

Volume II consists of:

HN LOS Viewer & Database:

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 8 of 38

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 9 of 38

 Hub Selection Summary

 Service Area Map

 Building Location Map

 Building Selection Aerial Photo

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 10 of 38

 The Hub Selection Summary provides a complete catalogue of candidate

 HN uses aerial photography and a high resolution stereoscope to select

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 11 of 38

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 12 of 38

 The coverage ranges depicted on

 Each hub coverage area is labeled,

 Pins indicate the location of the

 The pink dots and yellow squares

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 13 of 38

 The Buildings Location Map

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 14 of 38

 The Building Selection Map

 The aerial photo provides useful HN080-1B

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 15 of 38

 Building & Rooftop Detail Photos

 28mm Coverage Photos

 Location & Preliminary Shadow Map

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 16 of 38

 The engineering suitability of the

 The Preliminary Survey Report

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 17 of 38

 The Preliminary Survey Report provides a wide-angle horizon panorama for

 Typically, the wide-angle panorama is comprised of 28mm photos. The

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 18 of 38

HN TELECOM Copyright 2001. All Rights Reserved. Page 19 of 38

 The “shadows” created by

 At this stage in the planning

 As shown here, the Shadow can

 If the Wireless Carrier is planning to

 Typical 28mm Wide Angle Lens Panorama

 Typical 200mm Telephoto Lens Panorama

 Typical Hub Shadow Map

 Typical Hub LOS Coverage Index