In-Place tests

Diploma
 Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in
ASTM - C 876 Concrete
‫ديلون داؤد‬

This test method covers the estimation

of the electrical half-cell potential of
uncoated reinforcing steel in field and
laboratory concrete, for the purpose
of.corrosion activity of the reinforcing
steel.
Significance and Use
This test method is suitable for in-service evaluation and for use in research and 1
.development work
This test method is applicable to members regardless of their size or the depth 2
.of concrete cover over the reinforcing steel
.This test method may be used at any time during the life of a concrete member 3
The results obtained by the use of this test method shall not be considered as a 4
means for estimating the structural properties of the steel or of the reinforced
.concrete member
The potential measurements should be interpreted by engineers or technical 5
specialists experienced in the fields of concrete materials and corrosion testing.
It is often necessary to use other data such as chloride contents, depth of
carbonation, delamination survey findings, rate of corrosion results, and
environmental exposure conditions, in addition to half-cell
potential measurements, to formulate conclusions concerning corrosion activity
.of
Equipements
:Half-cell
The cell consists of a rigid tube or container composed of
dielectric material that is non-reactive with copper or copper
sulphate, a porous wooden or plastic plug that remains wet by
capillary action, and a copper rod that is immersed within the
tube in a
. solution of copper sulphate
Electrical junction device:
An electrical junction device is used to provide a low electrical
resistance liquid bridge between the surface of the concrete
and the half-cell.
Electrical contact solution:
In order to standardize the potential drop through the concrete
portion of the circuit.
Voltmeter: The voltmeter should be battery operated
and have ± 3% end of scale accuracy at the voltage
ranges in use.
Electrical lead wires: The electrical lead wire should
be such that its electrical resistance for the length
used does not disturb the electrical circuit by more
than 0.0001 V.
Procedure
Measurements are made in either a grid or random pattern.
The spacing between measurements is generally chosen such that adjacent readings are less
than 150 mV with the minimum spacing so that there is at least 100 mV between
readings.
An area with greater than 150 mV indicates an area of high corrosion activity.
A direct electrical connection is made to the reinforcing steel with a compression clamp or
by brazing or welding a protruding rod. To get a low electrical resistance connection, the
rod should be scraped or brushed before connecting it to the reinforcing bar.
It may be necessary to drill into the concrete to expose a reinforcing bar.
The bar is connected to the positive terminal of the voltmeter.
One end of the lead wire is connected to the half-cell and the other end to the negative
terminal of the voltmeter.
Under some circumstances the concrete surface has to be pre-wetted with a wetting
agent.
This is necessary if the half-cell reading fluctuates with time when it is placed in
contact with the concrete. If fluctuation occurs either the whole concrete surface is made
wet
with the wetting agent or only the spots where the half-cell is to be placed.
The electrical half-cell potentials are recorded to the nearest 0.01 V correcting for
temperature if the temperature is outside the range 22.2 ± 5.5oC.
 The Maturity Method
‫محمد صالح‬
‫الدين‬
The maturity method is a technique to account for the
combined effects of time and temperature on the strength
development of concrete. The method provides a
relatively simple approach for making reliable estimates of
in-place
.strength during construction
The maturity method relies on the measured temperature
history of the concrete to estimate strength development
during the curing period, when moisture is available for
.cement hydration
maturity index
The temperature history is used to calculate
a quantity called the maturity index. For
each concrete mixture, the relationship
between strength (or other property of
interest) and the maturity index is
established beforehand. The strength
relationship and the measured in-place
maturity index are used to estimate the in-
.place strength
STRENGTH ,MPA

M aturity Index, oC -day

The “crossover effect” due to different early-age concrete temperature during

development of the strength-maturity relationship
 
Nurse-Saul maturity function:
There was a need for a procedure to account for the combined effects of time and
temperature on strength development for :different elevated temperature curing methods

M= (T − T
0
0 ) ∆t (1)
where
M = maturity index, °C-hours (or °C-days),
T = average concrete temperature, °C, during the time interval ∆t, To =
datum temperature (usually taken to be -10 °C),
t = elapsed time (hours or days), and
∆t = time interval (hours or days).
The index computed by Eq. (1) was called the maturity,
however, the current terminology is the temperature-
.time factor [ASTM C 1074]
The temperature-time factor at some age t* equals the
area below the temperature curve and the datum
.temperature
Concrete
Temperature

Time, t

Schematic of temperature history and temperature-time factor computed according to

Eq. (1).
 Strength Relationships:
hyperbolic equation for strength gain under isothermal
:curing up to equivalent ages at 23 °C of about 28 days

where
s= strength at age t
Su = limiting strength
=rate constant K
=age at start of strength development. to
S = Su (k(t −t0))1/2
1/2)k(t −t0)( +1

α
)r/t(-
S=Su e
where
t = age
T = a time constant
α = a shape parameter
a Figure shown below (a) shows strength
data for mortar cubes cured at room
temperature and tested at ages from 0.4 to
56 days. Figure 4(b) shows data for
standard-cured concrete cylinders tested at
ages from 7 days to 3.5 years
 C om pressive S trength , M Pa

Age, days Ag e, d ays

Fig.—Fit of strength-age models to data: (a) mortar

cubes and (b) concrete cylinders
 In-place Strength
The maturity method is generally used to estimate the in-
place strength of concrete by using the in-place maturity
index and a previously established relationship between
maturity index and strength. This assumes that a given
concrete possesses a unique relationship between strength
and the maturity index. This assumption would be
acceptable if the long-term strength of concrete were
independent of the curing temperature, but this is not the
case. It is known that the initial temperature of the
concrete affects the long-term strength [Verbeck and
.Helmuth, 1968]
In-place Strength
Thus if the same concrete mixture were used for a cold
weather placement and a hot weather placement, the
strength would not be the same for a given maturity
index. It is proposed that the correct application of the
maturity method is to estimate relative strength. Tank
and Carino [1991] proposed the following rate constant
model of relative strength development, S/Su, in terms
:of equivalent age te
s/su= Kr(te-t0 r)
Kr(te-to r)+1
kr=value of the rate constant at the reference temperature, and
t0r = age at start of strength development at the reference
temperature

Initial Measured
23 C Equivalent
Setting
Temp h
y = 15.646 - 4978x

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0.0032 0.0033 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0035 0.0036

Temperature c 1/temperature(1/k)
Fig.a) Initial setting time versus temperature; b) plot of natural
logarithm of inverse of setting time versus inverse of absolute
temperature (Pinto and Hover 1999)
ASTM Practice C 1074
In 1987, ASTM adopted a standard practice on the use of the maturity
method to estimate in-place strength [ASTM C 1074]. Application of the
:maturity method requires the following steps

Determination of the appropriate maturity function for the specific

concrete that will be used in construction.

Determination of the relationship between compressive strength and

the maturity index.

Measurement of the in-place maturity index and estimation of the in-

place strength
 Application of the maturity method requires
laboratory testing and field measurement of
temperature
Laboratory
history Field
Testing Measurement
Cube Tests
k
T
T1 T2 T3
Structure
Cylinder Tests
E or T0

Maturity
5.6 Computer
Strength
S*
Maturity M*
Index
M*
‫محمد عوف‬
 ‫أختبار‬
‫أشــــــــــــــــــعة كـــــــامــــــــاياسر حسن‬
 Rebound Hummer Test
‫دينوار غياث‬
?What is Rebound Hammer Test
Rebound Hammer test is a Non-destructive testing
method of concrete which provide a convenient and
rapid indication of the compressive strength of the
concrete. The rebound hammer is also called as
Schmidt hammer that consist of a spring controlled
.mass that slides on a plunger within a tubular housing
Objective of Rebound Hammer Test

To determine the compressive strength of the -1

concrete by relating the rebound index and the
compressive strength
To assess the uniformity of the concrete -2
To assess the quality of the concrete based on the -3
standard specifications
To relate one concrete element with other in -4
terms of quality
:The advantages of Rebound hammer tests are
Apparatus is easy to use-1
Determines uniformity properties of the-2
surface
The equipment used is inexpensive-3
Used for the rehabilitation of old monuments-4
The disadvantages of Rebound Hammer Test
The results obtained is based on a local point -1
The test results are not directly related to the strength -2
and the deformation property of the surface
The probe and spring arrangement will require -3
regular cleaning and maintenance
Flaws cannot be detected with accuracy -4
Factors Influencing Rebound Hammer Test
.Smoothness of the surface .1
.Size and shape of concrete sample .2
.The rigidity of the test area .3
.Age of the concrete .4
.Surface moisture .5
.Internal moisture (moisture gradient) .6
.Coarse aggregate .7
.Type of cement .8
.Forms used .9
.Carbonation.10
.Location of the reinforcement.11
Frozen concrete.12
ASTM C805 Standard test for Rebound Numbers of Hardened
Concrete, provides some standard procedures so that the user
-:can have consistency when using the rebound hammer

.Do not test frozen concrete .1

The test area must be at least 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter .2
.and fixed rigidity within the surface
.The surface to be tested must be flat with no loose mortar .3
.The surface to be tested must be free form water .4
If the layer of carbonated concrete is thick, it should be .5
.removed before testing
The hammer must be held in the same direction- horizontal, .6
upward, downward and it should be always be at right angle to
.the surface being tested
Do not test over reinforcement with a cover of less .7
.than 20 mm (3/4 inch)
If estimated concrete strength takes at least two .8
cores from six locations that have different rebound
.hammer number
Take 10 rebound hammer readings at each test .9
area, all additional readings should be at least 25
.mm (1 inch apart)
Discard any reading that is over six units from the .10
average and calculate the average of the remaining
.readings
If two units are over six units from the average, .11
.discard the entire set of reading and redo the test
conclusion
Rebound hammer is a handy and portable device and its
operation is simple. Rebound hammer method, therefore,
can be a suitable and convenient way for field identification
of bricks and estimating their compressive strength. But this
method does not give true value of strength and hence its
.application should be limited for inspection purpose only
REFERENCES
ASTM C805, 2008, Standard Test Method for -1
Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, Pa, USA

IS-13311 (Part 2):1992 (Reaffirmed- May 2013) “Non -3

Destructive Testing of Concrete-Methods of Test
.”(Rebound hammer)
Szilagyi K, Borosnyoi A (2009) 50 years of experience-3
.with the Schmidt rebound hammer
‫اكرم عبد العزيز‬
The Windsor HP System does not require great skill to use and
consistent results can be obtained by construction site supervisory
staff or field technicians. In fact, among its users are contractors,
engineers, architects, testing laboratories, ready mix concrete
producers, owners, managers and government authorities.
This system has widespread use in testing concrete in-situ, on
conventionally placed, sprayed or pre-cast concrete; on horizontal or
vertical slabs; on floors or overhead; on fresh or mature concrete.
The system is safe to use. The driver cannot be discharged unless it is
fully depressed with some force against the actuating template, which
rests against the surface being examined.
Actuating
Load the driver with a power load and probe suited for the type of
concrete being examined. Place the driver firmly on the actuating
template and fire. The locating template is then used to locate the
probes at the corners of a fixed triangle. Normally, three
measurements are required for consistent and
statistically reliable results.

Its importance and usefulness

Easy to use, does not need extensive experience, is available, the
possibility of using it with all sections and in all directions ..
and does not constitute a threat to concrete, immediate or future,
and does not damage concrete, it is safe .
and its results are real and fairly accurate ..
Technical
The Windsor HP Probe System is designed to evaluate the
compressive strength of concrete in place. It is non-destructive and
can be used with equal effectiveness on fresh and mature concrete.
Equally accurate results are obtained on horizontal or vertical
surfaces provided that the probe is perpendicular or at right angles
to the test surface. The inspection site should be specified to avoid
the reinforcement steel distribution area or the places where the
cracks are performed when conducting the examination.
It poses a risk if it is neglected to use when the capsule is filled.
 Ultrasonic Pulse
Velocity Test

Mohammad Dilshad