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ELEMENTS and PRINCIPLES of

ART

Lesson 6
Lesson Objectives:

1. Identify and analyze the different elements of art.


2. Compare and contrast the principles of art
3. Discuss the interrelationship between the elements
and principles of art and explain their relevance in
the study of art.
4. Establish the dominant of hybrid art and analyze the
various art forms combined within.
5. Create an artwork depicting the elements and
principles of design
ELEMENTS of VISUAL ARTS
1. LINE
.............
A continuation of a point , a
series of connected dots, or the Menoy ( 2014) categorized
recording of the said point the different types of lines
A line is a mark made upon a according to vertical,
surface horizontal, diagonal,
One of the earliest artistic broken or jagged lines,
elements, starting with the cave curved lines, repeating line,
paintings around 15,000 BC. contrasting lines, modified
Looking at the cave paintings, lines and more, which also
one can notice hoe w early carry meanings when used
humans used line to show the in an artwork.
shape of various animals.
Vertical Lines
 These lines are strong
and rigid.
 They show balance and
poise.
 They suggest stability
and convey a lack of
movement
 Its tallness and formality
give the impression of
dignity
Horizontal Lines
Lines that are parallel to the
horizon (hence the name).
They look like they are
lying down, at rest, asleep.
They suggest calmness and
quietness a relaxed comfort.
Emphasize width
They are stable and secure
They convey an absence of
conflict, a restful peace
Diagonal Lines
Are unbalanced
They are filled restlessness and
uncontrolled energy
They can appear to be either rising
or falling and convey action and
motion.
Their kinetic energy and apparent
movement create tension and
excitement
More dramatic than either
horizontal or vertical lines
Can also appear solid and unmoving
if they are holding something up or
at rest against a vertical line or
plane
Broken or Jagged Lines
Series of dashes
They take Combination of diagonal lines
that connect at points
on the dynamic and high energy
characteristics of diagonal lines
They create excitement and intense
movement
They convey confusion and nervousness as
they change direction and quickly and
frequently.
They can imply danger and destruction as
they break down.
Both these lines imply confusion, chaos,
tension, disturbance, violence and
sometimes war
Curved Lines
Softer than straight lines
They sweep and turn gracefully between end
points
They are less definite and predictable than
straight lines
They bend and change direction
Express fluid movement
They can be calm or dynamic depending on
how much they curve
The less active the curve, the calmer the
feeling
Whether concave(inward) or convex
( outward), which can either be scroll-like ( s-
form) or spiral-like ( winding round) indicate
movements
concave convex
Repeating Lines
Series of vertical
( IIIIII), horizontal ( _ _
_ _ _ ), diagonal ( ///// or
\\\\\ ) or curved lines
such as ((((( or ))))), that
show rhythm
Contrasting Lines
These are combination
of vertical and
horizontal lines
( LLLLL)
or a combination of
diagonal lines
( XXXXX or <<<<< or
>>>>>) in opposite
directions.
Modified Lines
These are a combination
of straight and curved
lines ( { } or [ ] ) or
combination of lines
shifting shapes ( >0<).
2. SHAPE
are areas of enclosed space, which
give permanent meanings to simplify
ideas
hey can be flat and can only have
height and width
May be natural or geometric
Natural or organic shapes are those we
see in nature, such as shapes of men,
animals, clouds, trees or leaves.
May be interpreted realistically or may
be distorted
Geometrical shapes are mathematical
shapes made out of points and lines
triangles, squares or circle.
3. SPACE
Negative space-
Deals with the illusion of
depth on a flat surface the area around the
It is the area or surface subject matter of an
occupied by an artwork artwork.
Note that not all artworks Artists use often use

are sculptures. In two- negative space as a


dimensional art, space can method of adding
be: interest to a subject
matter
Positive Space Three-Dimensional Space
The space where Is usually shown by
shadow is heavily used means of shading,
where a three-
dimensional effect can
be achieved even if the
artwork is two-
dimensional.
4. COLOR Color Theory

First evident in the experiments of Sir Isaac


Newton in 1666, where an array of colors
What we see when light similar to that of the rainbow is revealed when
a ray of sunlight passes through a prism.
reflects off of an object A set of principles used to create harmonious
Color usually enhances color combinations pleasing to the eye and
senses.
the attraction of an Provides us with a common ground for
artwork understanding how colors can be used,
arranged, coordinated, blended and related to
one another.
It is about why colors work together
aesthetically, while others do not
It is about color mixing and the visual and
visual effects of color
Color theory is built HUE- Pure color such as
upon the creation of the yellow, red and green
color wheel. In art, we
use pigments ( a
coloring material) to
control and work with
color, mixing pigments
to make new colors or
make colors lighter or
darker.
The dimension of color is divided into:

Primary Colors- blue, red


and yellow ( BRY) .

Called primary colors


because they are the
first colors to be
produced and the rest of
the colors result from
the combination of the
primary colors
Secondary Colors- green,
orange and violet ( GOV)-

These colors are produced by


combining two primary
colors
Green is the product when
blue and yellow are combined
Orange is the product when
red and yellow are combined
Violet is product of the
combination of red and blue

Intermediate colors

are the resulting colors


of mixing primary and
secondary colors as in
red-violet, red-orange,
yellow orange, yellow
green, blue green and
blue violet.
VALUE Light Colors/ Tints
making a color lighter - are those with values
or darker. Artist us this lower than the normal
to create an illusion of values
depth and solidity,
convey a mood, feeling
or establish a scene.
Intensity Bright/ Warm colors-
brightness or dullness of  those that are striking to the eyes
 These colors suggest warmth,
the color
vivacity, cheerfulness,
excitement or positive energy
Usually associated with sun, fire
and light
Orange, yellow ( considered as
the most brilliant color and most
cheerful color)
Red ( warmest and the most
exciting)
Dull Colors
 those that are opposite Also called receding colors
of bright or warm colors Which suggest distance,
tranquility, restfulness or
sobriety
Blue is the coolest and the
calmest of all colors

Other colors include violet


and green
Color Harmony Color Scheme
in color theory, is the Set of colors selected, is an
important function of the color
basic technique used to wheel.
create combinations of When determining which colors
colors match (or clash) with each other,
the color wheel can provide
users with a set of basic rules
It is the process of and several predefined color
schemes.
matching colors and
Color schemes consist of two,
creating color schemes three or four colors based on
their positions on the color whee
Complementary color
scheme
consists of two colors
located directly opposite
from each other on the
color wheel
Form a straight line
Analogous colors
when complementary
colors mesh with one
another
Triad Color Scheme-
composed of three
colors equally
positioned on the wheel
Form a triangular shape
such as equilateral or
isosceles triangle
Tetrad Color Scheme

Formed by two pairs of colors


opposite each other on the color wheel,
or four colors.
Come from a square or triangle
Split complementary- any three colors
forming Y in the color wheel
Double Split Complementary- any two
sets of three colors forming a Y in the
color wheel
These color schemes remain
harmonious regardless of the rotation
of the line or shape on the color wheel.
Adjacent Colors
are those situated next
to each other in the
color wheel.
Other colors include neutral Colors have connotations as
colors which serve to well.
balance colors like white White symbolizes purity,
( which is the absence of all holiness, or mourning; black
colors) signifies death, darkness and
evil
Gray ( which is formed by
Blue indicates serenity,
combining black and white) sadness, peace or masculinity
Black ( which is the Green signifies life, nature
presence of all colors and healthy well being
Brown, peach, cream, gold, Yellow symbolizes jealousy,
deceit, or divinity
silver and bronze Gray symbolizes old age or
decay
Pink for femininity and love
5 Form
Refers to the three-dimensional version of a shape
An artwork that has the art element of form can be
viewed from different angles, and is not flat
Forms have height and width, but they also have depth
Forms can be hard-edged like a cube or more free-
flowing
6. Texture
 The way something feels or looks like it might feel in an
artwork
 Texture can be real or implied
 Real texture is something that you can feel with your
fingers if you touch the art.
 Implied Texture only visually looks like it feels a certain
way. If you ran your fingers over implied texture, it would
not feel any different. An artwork may be smooth or
rough, fine or coarse, glossy or dull, regular or irregular.
 The texture depends on the material or medium that the
artist use in order to convey a particular message.
ELEMENTS of AUDITORY
ARTS
1. RHYTHM TEMPO
Element of music that  ( Which refers to the speed

refers to the pulse of the measured by beats per second


 METER ( Which organizes
music
beats into a recognizable
Consistent pattern of
recurrent pattern).
identical or similar  The speed of a composition
sounds in a music or any of its sections.
Most of the time, Example:

rhythm is associated Ballads= slow tempo


with beats ( as the basic Dance songs= fast rate
unit of music)
The following terms refer to variations in
tempo:
a. Allegro- fast
b. Vivace- lively
c. Moderato= moderate speed
d. Andante= moderately slow like a walking pace
e. Adagio= slower than andante
f. lento-= slow
g. Largo= very slow
h. Accelerando = gradually speeding up
i. Rallentado = gradually slowing down
j. Allargando = getting slower
k. Rubato= robbed time, where rhythm is played freely for
expressive effect
2. Dynamics
 The element of music that  The piano marking looks
refers to the loudness or like a lowercase letter “p”
softness of music and means to play quietly
 They help to drive the
and softly or lightly.
 The Forte marking, on the
emotional content of music
other hand, is a lower case
through music and intensity,
letter “f” and represents loud
as if one could adjust both
and strong playing.
the volume and the color
 These symbols go below
depth on the screen
written music to tell the
simultaneously. musician how to play and
stay in effect in effect until
another marking is shown.
Dynamics can range from
infinitely quiet to infinitely
loud.
The most common way to
Some dynamic markings
indicate dynamics that are
have a letter “m”, which very quiet of very loud is
stands for mezzo meaning with repetition of the letter.
“medium”, so a mezzo So if the composer wants the
piano dynamic marking musician to play very quietly,
looks like this ( mp) and he or she will mark two “ps”.
means to play medium This is called pianissimo
quiet If the composer wants the
While a mezzo forte musician to play very loudly,
dynamic looks like (mf) they will mark two “fs”. The
more of a letter there is, the
and means to play medium
extreme the dynamic.
loud.
So, for the fortepiano, we
would have loud, then
In cases when the immediately quiet
If you had pianoforte, it
composer wants a sudden
change in emotion, they would be the opposite with
first quiet, then immediately
can combine two
loud.
dynamics like fortepiano
There is one more dynamic
and pianoforte.
that requires sudden change
In each case, the first
called sforzando. It means
dynamic is played, then to play the note or notes
the second dynamic is with sudden strong force or
played immediately emphasis, like this ( a piece
afterward. of music is played)
To gradually increase or decrease the volume, the
composer uses two very important dynamic symbols:
the crescendo and the diminuendo.
These two symbols draw out emotion by making a
gradual change in volume.
The cresendo looks like this ( <) and means to get
gradually louder
The diminuendo ( also called decrescendo) symbol
looks like this ( > ) and means to get gradually quieter.
3. Melody
Refers to a memorable series of pitches

PITCH- The relative highness or lowness of a tone


4. Harmony
Melodies are substantial HARMONY
enough to be music on The simultaneous
their own, but often sounding of two or more
sound empty and tones.
lonesome without Two or more tones are
accompaniment. Thus, sounded simultaneously,
many composers add there exists a chord
supporting notes called COUNTER MELODY
harmony
- by adding two or more
notes which are played
at a time known as
chords
THREE MAIN FACTORS
5. TIMBRE THAT DEFINE TIMBRE

1. Harmonic Content-
or the intensity and
 Used to define the color quality of the
or sound quality of a harmonics within the
tone. tone
 The quality of sound 2. Attack and decay
that makes it distinct which describes the
from other sounds way the sound is
produced and
naturally recedes
3. Vibrato- Natural and
controlled pulsation of
a tone
6. Texture
 Refers to the interaction THIN TEXTURE-
of melodies and being music with few
harmonies within a differing musical parts
song. THICK TEXTURE –
 This parts can be being music with many
instruments, singers or a differing parts
combination of both
 Number of tones
expected to be
apprehended
simultaneously.
Three Specific Textures
Phony- a suffix which Examples:
means sound Gregorian Chant-
1. Monophony Medieval Monophony
 Thinnest of the three Beginning of
textures, so it is easy to Beethhoven’s Fifth
remember Symphony
 sounding of single
melodic line without an
accompaniment ( no
background singers or
instruments)
2. POLYPHONY 3. HOMOPHONY
Homo means the same

Poly means many Two of the parts in a

Two or more independent


homophonic piece of music
will be the same or more
melodies are sung or likely the similar
played simultaneously sounding of one main
The pitches and the melody supported by a
rhythms of each musical subordinate one, as in the
part are different from performance of a folk singer
one another. with a guitar accompaniment
ELEMENTS OF COMBINED
ARTS
1. DANCE ELEMENTS OF DANCE
A form of art using 1. Music
rhythmic bodily 2. The dancer
movements expressing The most important
ideas and emotions and element of dance
accompanied by music Executes the steps,
follows the instructions
of the choreographer,
wears the costumes and
carries the props
3. choreography 4. Design
Overall design of the dance The planned organization or
Choreographer is the dance pattern of movements in time
director and space
Does the overall design of Involves the movements and
the dance, assigns the steps the positioning of the
to be executed by the dancers, and the steps
dancer/s, selects the executed by them
costumes and props that go An outstanding dance
with the dance and performance is always
determines the set designed dependent on the design of
for the dance the dance
6. Movements
Classified into the following
1.Steps Movements of the heads,
5. subject hands, feet and other body parts
 Message of the dance or Swaying, head shaking, foot

what the dance is all stomping and clapping


-Dancers’ movements from one
about
point on stage to another .
Includes leaps, turns, rolls and
somersaults
2. Gestures
- Movements of the heads, hands,
feet and other body parts
- Swaying, head shaking, foot
stomping and clapping
3. Facial Expressions 7. Techniques
Movements of the facial The style or way of
parts executing the
Raising of eyebrows, movements
pouting of lips and Grind may be done
crumpling of forehead singly or doubly or the
twist may be done
quickly or slowly
8. costumes 10. Set design –
The setting or the
Things worn by the background that
dancers during their indicates the place of
performance action for the dancers

9. Properties Other Theatrical


Commonly called props Elements
Things carried by the  Lighting effects
dancers as they perform  Sound effects
 Visual efects
DRAMA
ELEMENTS OF PLAY
Came from term dram
PRODUCTION
which means to act or to do.
A form of art that depict
1. Literary Elements- such
as the setting, characters,
life’s experiences through
plot conflict, tone and
the reenactment of events atmosphere
that take place in the real
2. Direction which is the
world or in the mind of the
overall dramatic
writer
performance
Meant to performed on stage
3. Acting- Executed by
or in front of the camera by
members of the cast who
actors and actresses
perform the roles assigned
to them
4.editing- the sequencing 7.Production Design- the
of scenes to be overall design which also
presented and checked, involves the costume design
taking out unnecessary and props and
scenes like the obscene cinematography
8. Costume Design- the
and offensive ones
clothes to be worn by actors
5. Set design- Layout of the and actresses suitable for their
set such as back drop roles
and what to put on stage 9. Make up- body paints,
6.Cinematography- paddings or artificial part of
choosing and shooting a the body that will enhance the
location that fits the look of the actors and
story actresses based on the roles
they portray
10. Properties- which the actors and 14. Theme Song- the song
actresses bring with them as they
perform on stage or in front of the composed to represent the
camera to establish their charaters theme or the subject matter of
11. Lighting effects- the amount o the drama.
(bright or dark) and sources (sun, 15. Musical score-
lamp, flashlight or candle) of light
needed to make the scenes realistic arrangement of songs that form
and credible part of the drama, other than
12 Sound Effects-the amount ( loud
the theme song that are being
or soft) and sources (people, animals
and objects) of sound much needed to
played to set the mood to
make the scenes realistic and credible delight the audience
13. Visual Effects- ( production of 16. Story- the most important
sights that are not usually captured by aspect of the drama
the camera in order to make the
scenes effective, exciting, appealing 17. Script- contains the
to the viewers dialogue or the lines to be
memorized by the performers
PRINCIPLES of ART
Used to organize the basic elements of art: line, shape,
space, color, form and texture
Also sometimes referred to as principles of
organization or design principles
Composition- the placement of arrangement of visual
elements in an artwork, and principles help figure out
the arrangements of those visual elements
1. Harmony
 The most essential factor in a composition
 It is also called as unity
 It is achieved when all the elements of a thing are put
together to come up with a coherent whole.
 Every part of a work of art is necessary to the
composition to the extent that all the parts exhibit a
sense of belonging together and a pleasing
relationship with one another.
 If one of the parts does not complement the others,
then lack of harmony results.
Rhythm
 Continual flow or sense of movement created by
pattern or repetition of visual units
 Helps to achieve harmony in a composition

 Can be achieved by the following:


Alternation
 Use of two patterns
alternately
Radiation
- Repetition of the motif
from the center toward it
Progression
Use of motifs in varying
sizes that is, from the
smallest to largest, or
vice versa
Parallelism
Use of a pattern with an
equal distance from each
other
Variation
 The amount of diversity of elements in a composition
 This principle is achieved by changing or using
different elements to achieve visual effect
Variety
Can be created with contrast, change, elaboration or
diversifying elements
It is important to consider how the elements are
working together so that you will still have harmony
and unity within a composition.
Balance
 Also known as physical equilibrium
 Overall arrangement of elements like color, shape and
lines.
 Stability produced by even distribution of weight on
each side of the thing
Classifications of Balance
Formal Balance
Exists if the weights at
equal distance from the
center are equal
Also called as
symmetrical balance
because the thing
displays
symmetry( same
measure)
Radial symmetry exists
when the same meaure
occurs from the central
point to the end of every
radius
This kind of symmetry
applies to round objects
or those with radii like
stars and starfishes
Bilateral symmetry
 Present when the left
and the right sides
appear the same
 The right mirrors left ,
said of the human body
Informal Balance
Present when the left
and the right sides of the
thing, though not
identical in appearance,
still display an even
distribution of weight
Asymmetrical or
occult balance
Proportion
Comparative relationship of the different parts in
relation to the whole
It is the proper and pleasing relationship of one object
with the others in the design
Vitruvian Man by
Leonardo Da Vinci
Stone Sculpture of
GOMBURZA
Emphasis and Subordination
The principles of
Emphasis and
Subordination in art
describe the actual focal
points themselves
Emphasis is defined as
an area or object within
the artwork that draws
attention and becomes a
focal point
Giving proper Focal Point- refers to an
importance on one or area in the composition
more parts of the thing that has the most
or the whole thing itself significance, an area that
It is achieved by means the artist wants to draw
of size, or proportion, attention to as the most
shape, color, line, important aspect
position and variety.
The Rule of Thirds
 Actually a guideline Most artists believe that if
than a rule an individual divides
 Its main objective is to his/her art composition into
thirds, either vertically or
aid the artist with regard horizontally, and then
to placing the elements places the elements of the
and focal point with subject along these lines or
his/her art composition. at the junctions of them,
he/she can arrive at a more
attractive arrangement and
more fascinating artwork

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