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SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Thin Rectangular Fin
We will develop finite element formulation to model and analyze heat
transfer process in thin rectangular fins. The objective is to determine:
a) Temperature distribution in the fin; and b) Total heat dissipated.
Thin rectangular fins used in heat sink design for microelectronic cooling.
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Heat Transfer in Thin Fins
Temperature gradient is assumed to exists in one direction only. Thus,
heat transfer through thin fin can be treated as one-dimensional.
Note: Heat flows through the fin by conduction and is dissipated to ambient
air by convection. The two heat transfer modes occur simultaneously.
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
The Governing Equation
Performing an energy balance across an elemental section of the thin
rectangular fin yields the governing equation for heat transfer trough
the fin, given by
d dT
k Q 0 (7-1)
dx dx
where Q represents the internal
heat generation, in W/m3.
Note:
In general, thermal conductivity, k
varies along the x-direction.
For isotropic, homogeneous Q
P dx h T T
material, k is uniform and has the Ac dx
same value in all directions.
ph
T T
Ac
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Finite Element Modeling
Since heat transfer through thin fin is assumed one-dimensional, we will
model the fin using one-dimensional heat transfer elements.
The fin is discretized into three elements, as shown.
Global coordinate
Local coordinate
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Temperature Function
The temperature varies from T1 at node 1 to T2 at node 2 in an element.
To predict temperature at any point between the two nodes we need to
establish a temperature function.
For simplicity, it is assumed that the temperature varies linearly within the
element. Therefore, we establish a linear temperature function in the
form,
ke 1 1 W
kT fin kT wall
e e
(7-4)
le 1 1 m2K
where k is thermal conductivity of the fin material (W/m K) and le is the element
length.
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Element Heat Transfer Matrix
In thin fins, heat is dissipated primarily by convection heat transfer.
The effect of conduction through the fin is represented by the conductivity
matrix [kT] just established.
To include the effect of convection heat transfer, we need to establish a
heat transfer matrix, [hT].
It can be shown that the element heat transfer matrix is given by,
hl 2 1 W
hT
e
e (7-5)
3t 1 2 m2K
where,
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
le = element length (m)
t = thickness of the fin (m)
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Exercise 1
A circular rod of diameter D = 5 mm and length L = 190 mm has it’s base
maintained at Tb = 100C. It is made of copper with thermal conductivity k =
398 W/m K. The surface of the rod is exposed to ambient air at temperature
T∞ = 25C, with convection heat transfer coefficient, h = 100 W/m2K. Model
the rod using two elements. Assemble the global: a) conductivity matrix;
b) heat transfer matrix due to convection. Assume thickness, t 0.8D.
hleT 1 W
r
e
(7-6)
t 1 m2
where,
T = ambient temperature (in K);
h = convective heat transfer coefficient
( in W/m2K);
t = thickness of the fin (in m);
le = element length (in m).
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
System of Linear Equations
The system of linear equations (SLEs) for a single element, can be
written in a condensed matrix form as,
e
kT hT T r
e e e
(7-7)
Tb T0
Global coordinate
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Exercise 3
Reconsider Exercise 7-2. a) Apply the boundary conditions; b) Solve the
modified global system of linear equations for the unknown temperature
distribution in the rod.
H e h Tavg T As (7-8)
where
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K),
Tavg = average temperature in the element (K),
T = ambient temperature (K),
As = surface are of the fin (m2),
w = width of the fin (m),
le = length of the element (m).
The total heat dissipated from the fin,
n
H He (7-9)
e 1
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Exercise 4
Reconsider Exercise 7-3. Knowing the temperature distribution, estimate the
total amount of heat dissipated from the rod to the ambient air. Note that for
a circular-shape (or pin) fin, the area for heat transfer, As = DL.
1 2 3 360 1 1
kT kT kT 1 1
3.33 102
9 3.33 10 2 2 1
hT 1
hT
2
hT
3
1 2
3 0.001
4. Assemble global heat transfer matrix
1 2 3 4 Connectivity with the
global nodes.
2 1 0 0
1 4 1 0
9 3.33 10 2
HT
3 0.001 0 1 4 1
0 0 1 2
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
9 3.33 10 2 20 1
r 1
r
2
r
3
0.001 1
6. Assemble global heat rate vector, we get
K H T R
T T
We have,
1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 T1
360
1 2 1 0
9 3.33 10 2 1
4 1 0 T2
3.33 102
0 1 2 1 3 0.001 0 1 4 1 T3
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 T4
1
9 3.33 102 20 2
0.001 2
1
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
8. Impose the thermal boundary conditions.
Given, T1 = 235 C. Using the elimination method, we delete the 1st row
and column of the global SLEs, and modify the right side term accordingly.
We have,
1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 T1
360
1 2 1 0
9 3.33 10 2 1
4 1 0 T2
3.33 102
0 1 2 1 3 0.001 0 1 4 1 T3
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 T4
1
9 3.33 10 2 20 2
0.001 2
1
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
9. Write the modified system of linear equations
Imposing the boundary condition, the system of linear equations is
reduced to,
2 1 0 2
4 1 0 T2
360 1 2 1 9 3.33 10 1 4 1 T
3.33 102 3 0.001 3
0 1 1 0 1 2 T4
2
2
9 3.33 10 20
2
0.001 1
1 2
1
360 235 9 3.33 10 235
2
0 0
3.33 10 3 0.001 0
0
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
10. Solve the modified system of linear equations
Solving the modified system of linear equations yields the unknown
global nodal temperatures,
T2 211.7
T
3 197.0
o
C
T 192.2
4
11. Compute the heat loss from each element
235 211.7
H1 9 20 2 1 3.33 102 121.9 W
2
211.7 197
H2 9 20 2 1 3.33 102 110.5 W
2
197 192.2
H3 9 20 2 1 3.33 102 104.7 W
2
SME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
H H1 H 2 H 3
H 121.9 110.5 104.7
H 337.1 W