VARIABLES

JOEISA M. PRESBITERO
 ◦WHAT MAKES YOU
SIMILAR WITH OTHERS?
◦WHAT MAKES YOU
DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS?
VARIABLES
◦a property or characteristic of things and
people that varies in quality or quantity.
◦anything that can take on differing or
varying values.
◦differ at various times for the same object
or person, or the values can differ at the
same time for different objects or person
VARIABLES
◦AGE
◦SEX
◦RELIGION
◦ARTS (MEDIA, VISUAL, THEATER, DANCE, MUSIC)
◦HAIR COMPLEXION
◦SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
SHIFTING CLASS INDEPENDENT
SCHEDULE VARIABLE

ACADEMIC DEPENDENT
PERFORMANCE VARIABLE
 Dependent Variable
◦variables whose change the researcher wishes
to explain
◦an attribute or characteristic that is influenced
by the independent variable.
◦dependent or influenced by independent
variables.
◦also called outcome, yield or criterion variable
 Independent Variable
◦Variables that help explain the change in the
dependent variable.
◦an attribute or characteristic that influences or
affects an outcome or dependent variable.
◦also called experimental variable, the factor or
the treatment.
Identify the Independent and
Dependent Variable in each title.
1.Remedial classes and Academic
Performance of Grade 12 Students
2.Use of technology in classroom instruction
and academic performance
3.Motivation: A factor affecting class
participation among SHS Students
Types of Variables
◦Categorical Variables/Discrete
or Qualitative Variables
◦Continuous Variables or
Quantitative Variables
Categorical Variables
Nominal Variables
A variable determined by categories which cannot be
ordered or arranged in any particular order
mutually exclusive unordered categories
Can assign number codes but calculations would be
meaningless
Example:
Type of Houses, Food Types , Religion
Ordinal Variables
categories with an implied order, but distance
between intervals not always equal or unimportant.
A variable in which the order of data points can be
determined but not the distance between data points
Example:
Letter grades, SES level (low, middle and high income),
pain severity (mild, moderate, severe)
Dichotomous Variables
Nominal variable which has two
categories or levels
Example:
Gender
Employed or Unemployed
ContinuousVariables
Interval Variables
Equal distance between each interval.
Arbitrary zero point
A variable in which both order of data points and
distance between data points can be determined
Example:
Temperature, Time on Clock
Ratio Variables
are also interval variables but with the
added condition that zero (0) of the
measurement indicates that there is none
of that variable or inexistent
Example:
Distance, Income, Number of Children,
Weight, Height
Identify the type of Variable.
1. Age 11.Name of SHS Teachers
2. Number of Students 12.Constellations
3. Comprehension Levels 13.Temperature
4. Church 14.Average Grade
5. Gender 15.Height
6. Length 16.Salary Grade
7. Weight 17.Number of Children
8. School 18.Learning Styles
9. Skin Complexion 19.Job Positions
10.Grade Level 20.Dosage of Medicines
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
Answer the Exercise 4. Item # 1 is given as example.

1. Two groups of students (section Molave and Section

Narra) were tested to measure the effectiveness of using
Peer Assisted Learning in teaching. Each group was given
the same problems.
Independent Variable: Peer Assisted Learning
Dependent Variable: Effectiveness in Teaching
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
2. An investigation conducted in Mindanao resulted
to Kangkong grows better when given organic
fertilizer and commercial fertilizer.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
3. Peer pressure was believed to be the cause of
study habit development among students in high
school.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
4. Academic performance is found to vary as the
students mature in age.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
5. Religious beliefs and practices are shaped by
religious affiliation.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
6. Bullying at school is reinforced by a culture of
mockery and lack of respect.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
7. Mass media exposure affects early teenage
pregnancy.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
8. Poverty was discovered to have a strong effect in
the escalation of conflict in impoverished provinces
in the country.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
9. Family and educational background are good
predictors of career preferences.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________
Identify the independent and
dependent variables.
10. Student performance is affected by a
combination of good teachers, supportive
classmates, classroom activity, learning environment,
and excellent reference materials.

Independent Variable:_____________________________
Dependent Variable: ______________________________