GEOGRIDS,

REINFORCED WALL
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRIDS

• Geogrids can be categorized as geosynthetic materials that are used

in the construction industry in the form of a reinforcing material.

• It ca be used in the soil reinforcement or used in the reinforcement

of retaining walls and even many applications of the materials are on
its way to being flourished.

• The high demand and application of Geogrids in construction are due

to the fact that it is good in tension and has a higher ability to
distribute load across a large area.
THE ORIGIN OF GEOGRIDS

• The geosynthetic material, Geogrids are polymeric products which are formed
by means of intersecting grids.

• The polymeric materials like polyster, high-density polyethylene and

polypropylene are the main composition of geogrids

• These grids are formed by material ribs that are intersected by their
manufacture in two directions: one in machine direction (md), which is
conducted in the direction of the manufacturing process. The other direction
will be perpendicular to the machine direction ribs, which are called as the
cross-machine direction (CMD)
GEOGRID‘S RIB FORMATION
THREE MOST USED METHOD OF
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

METHOD 1: BY EXTRUDING

It involves extrusion of a flat sheet of plastic into

the desired configuration. The plastic into the desired
configuration. The plastic material used may be high-
density polypropylene or high-density polyethylene.
THREE MOST USED METHOD OF
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

METHOD 2: BY KNITTING OR WEAVING

In this method of geogrid manufacture, single yarns of

polyester or polypropylene material undergo either
knitting or weaving to form flexible junction forming apertures.
THREE MOST USED METHOD OF
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

METHOD 3: BY WELDING AND EXTRUSION

Recently developed method by Secugrid

manufactures. The method involves the extrusion of flat
polyester or polypropylene ribs by passing them through
rollers as shown in the figure below. These are done in
automated machines that run at different speeds, enabling
stretching of ribs and increasing their tenacity.
FUNCTIONS AND WORKING OF GEOGRIDS

CONFINING THE AGGREGATES

The geogrids serve the function of holding or
capturing the aggregates together. This method of
interlocking the aggregates would help in an
earthwork that is stabilized mechanically.

TENSION MEMBRANE EFFECT

This mechanism is based on the concept of
vertical stress distribution. This vertical stress is from
the deformed shape of the membrane as shown.
FUNCTIONS AND WORKING OF GEOGRIDS

IMPROVEMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY

One of the main mechanism happening after
Geogrid installation in pavement is the reduction
in lateral movement of the aggregate. This would
result in the elimination of stresses, that if exists
would have moved to the subgrade

LATERAL RESTRAINING CAPABILITY

The Geogrid act as restraint against the
lateral movement of aggregates cause by wheel
loadings.
TYPES OF GEOGRIDS

• Based on the manufacturing process involved in Geogrids it can be of;

1. Extruded Geogrid
2. Woven Geogrid
3. Bonded Geogrid

• Based on which direction of stretching is done during manufacture, Geogrids

are classified as;
1. Uniaxial Geogrid
2. Biaxial Geogrid
TYPES OF GEOGRIDS

UNIAXIAL GEOGRIDS
These Geogrids are formed by the stretching of ribs
in the longitudinal direction. So in this case, the material
possesses high tensile strength in the longitudinal
direction than on the transverse direction.

BIAXIAL GEOGRIDS
The stretching is done in both directions. Hence the
function of tensile strength is equally given to both
tranverse and longitudinal direction.
APPLICATION OF GEOGRIDS IN
CONSTRUCTION

• CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALLS

The usage of geogrids in retaining wall construction is in the area of soil
backfills. Holding the soil together will help in a stable retaining wall. The
soil structural integrity can be increased by reinforcing it by Geogrids. The
Geogrids solve the problems with soft backfill or sloping ground.

• FOUNDATION SOIL
The Geogrids can be used to stabilize the soil below the foundation.
APPLICATION OF GEOGRIDS IN
CONSTRUCTION

• PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION
The Geogrid construction in pavement construction have following features:

1. Improvement of subgrade
The subgrade, which is the most important load beraing strata, is made
solid and strong by the Geogrids.

2. Reinforcement of pavement base

The reinforcement to a given base layer would give adequate stiffening
that helps in reduction of thickness and time of construction. This also
helps in increasing the life of the pavement.
WALL MEANING

• Wall is any of various permanent upright constructions having a

length much greater than the thickness and presenting a
continuous surface except where pierced by doors, windows, etc.:
used for shelter, protection, or privacy, or to subdivide interior
space, to support floors, roofs, or the like, to retain earth, to
fence in an area, etc.
REINFORCEMENT MEANING

• Reinforcement is one type of material which is used in

construction. Reinforcement have ductile behavior which increase
strength of building and give sign before any member fail.

• Retaining walls that rely solely on their weight to retain the soil
behind them are called gravity walls. When taller wall heights are
required or certain site conditions exist such as surcharges or a
slope above the wall, a reinforced wall is constructed.
WALL REINFORCEMENT USING GEOGRID

• One method of reinforcing a retaining wall is to use geogrid.

Geogrid is a flexible mesh that is used to create a reinforced
coherent mass behind the retaining wall by stabilizing the soil.

• Geogrids are commonly used to reinforce retaining walls, as well

as subbases or subsoils below roads or structures. Soils pull apart
under tension. Compared to soil, geogrids are strong in tension.
This fact allows them to transfer forces to a larger area of soil
than would otherwise be the case.
WALL REINFORCEMENT USING GEOGRID

• Geogrids are made as either bi-directional (bi axial) or uni-

directional (uni axial).

• Bi-directional geogrid has significant tensile strength in both

directions. This structure also provides an ideal interlocking
system for more effective force bearing and diffusion in soil. Some
examples of bi-directional geogrid are the 3 Series and Universal
Geogrid from SRW Products. (Tip: Bi-directional geogrid should be
rolled out perpendicular or parallel to the wall.)
WALL REINFORCEMENT USING GEOGRID

• Uni-directional geogrid has very high tensile strength and high

stiffness in the machine direction with very low stiffness in the
other direction. Uni directional geogrids provide stability and are
often used in applications that has little to no loading in the
secondary direction.

• Some examples of uni-directional geogrids are the 5 to 10 Series

geogrids from SRW Products. (Tip: Uni-directional geogrid should
ALWAYS be rolled out perpendicular to the wall.)
WALL REINFORCEMENT USING GEOGRID

• The soil behind retaining walls can exert a tremendous amount of

pressure on the blocks so it is very crucial to use a high quality
geogrid in-between the blocks to help alleviate that pressure and
keep the wall from falling over.
INSTALLATION

• To use geogrid in a retaining wall first follow the installation

instructions supplied with the retaining wall of your choice. This
includes foundation preparation, block alignment, core filling, drainage
rock placement, back fill placement, and compaction. For a brief how
to please check out our article on How to Build a Block Retaining Wall.

1. Start the geogrid near the face of the block and roll out in one
continuous piece to the back of the reinforced soil mass (no splicing).
Butt together at edges — DO NOT OVERLAP GEOGRID.

• Tip: SRW Universal and 3 Series geogrid are bi-directional and can be
rolled out either perpendicular or parallel to the wall.
INSTALLATION
INSTALLATION

2. Install geogrid under tension. Be sure to

remove any slack by pulling the grid backwards
from the wall face. A nominal tension can be
maintained by staples or stakes, until the geogrid has
been covered by at least 6 inches of structural
fill.
INSTALLATION

3.Place the next course of block on top of

the geogrid. Back fill and compact the soil.

Tip: Always back fill and compact one course of

block at a time. Keep an adequate cushion of soil
between the geogrid and equipment.

4. Repeat process until retaining wall is completed.

REINFORCED WALL
 WHAT IS A REINFORCED WALL
• Reinforced earth wall is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips
that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses
• Soil: strong in compression.
• Reinforcement: strong in tension.
• Ancient reinforcement: tree branch
• es, roots of vegetation, tree, trunks, straw, bamboo etc.
WHAT IS A REINFORCED WALL

• Modern reinforcement: steel, geosynthetics, concrete, glass, fiber,

wood, rubber, aluminium.
REINFORCED SOIL

• Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing

strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.

• The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to

resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The
source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil,
because the stresses that are created within the mass are
transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
REINFORCED SOIL RETAINING WALL
COMPONENT OF REINFORCED EARTH WALL
1. Reinforcing element
2. Soil backfill
3. Facing element
REINFORCEMENT
• A variety of materials can be used as reinforcing material. Those that have
been used successfully include steel, concrete, glass, fiber, wood, rubber,
aluminums and geosynthetics.

• Reinforcement may take the form of trip, grid, anchors and steel material,
chain planks, ropes, vegetation and combination of these or other materials
forms.
• We are using geo grids as reinforcement. These geo grids should
be flexible having high modulus of elasticity not susceptible to
creep.
BACKFILL

the soil should have properties such that the salts in the should not
react chemically and electrically with the reinforcing strips.
FACING ELEMENTS

• Facing are selected to retain filled material, prevent local lumping

and corrosion of steeply sloping faces, and to suit environmental
requirements.
• The facing is usually of;
• Reinforced concrete slabs
• Plain cement concrete forum fill hollow block (precast)
What’s behind your wall?
THANK YOU