Dragados

• Mechanical Dredger

Mechanical dredgers come in a variety of forms, each involving the use

of grab or bucket to loosen the in-situ material and raise and transport
it to the surface.
 Bucket
Dredger

•
A Bucket Dredger is a stationary dredger, fixed on anchors and moved while dredging along semi-arcs by
winches. It has an endless chain of buckets that fill while scraping over the bottom. The buckets are turned
upside down and empty moving over the tumbler at the top. The dredged material is loaded in barges.
• The maximum weekly output of a bucket dredger can vary between 10,000 and 100,000 m³ (in-situ) depending
upon size, location and material. Maximum dredging depths are normally around 20 m. Bucket ladder dredgers
are complex and expensive machines to operate but can dredge to the required depth very accurately
 Grab
dregde

A Grab Dredger is a stationary dredger, moored on anchors or on spud-poles. The dredging tool is a grab
normally consisting of two half-shells operated by wires or (electro)-hydraulically. The grab can be mounted on
a dragline or on a hydraulic excavator of the backhoe type. Many modifications of grabs have been constructed
like (top) open grab, (top) closed grabs and watertight grabs. The grab dredger is used in harbours; the dragline
type also in deep water. The dredged material is loaded in barges.
The size of this type is determined by the capacity of the grab bucket, which can vary between 1.0 and 20 m³,
depending upon the crane power.
• Backhoe Dredger
A Backhoe Dredger is a stationary dredger, moored on anchors or on spud-poles. A spud is a large pole
that can anchor a ship while allowing a rotating movement around the point of anchorage. Small backhoe
dredgers can be track mounted and work from the banks of ditches. A backhoe dredger is a hydraulic
excavator equipped with a half open shell. This shell is filled moving towards the machine. Usually the
dredged material is loaded in barges. This machine is mainly used in harbours and other shallow waters.
Backhoe/Dipper Dredger
• Hydraulic Dredger

The principal feature of all dredgers in this category is that the loosened
material is raised from its in-situ state in suspension through a pipe
system connected to a centrifugal pump. Various means can be
employed to achieve the initial loosening of the material. If it is naturally
very loose, suction alone may be sufficient, but firmer material may
require mechanical loosening or the use of water jets. Hydraulic
dredging is most efficient when working with fine materials, because
they can easily be held in suspension. Coarser materials - and even
gravel - can be worked but with a greater demand on pump power and
with greater wear on pumps and pipes.
• Cutter Suction Dredger
A Cutter Suction Dredger is a stationary dredger which makes use of a cutter head to
loosen the material to be dredged. It pumps the dredged material via a pipeline
ashore or into barges. While dredging the cutter head describes arcs and is swung
around the spud-pole powered by winches. The cutter head can be replaced by
several kinds of suction heads for special purposes, such as environmental dredging.
• Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger
A Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger is a self-propelled ship which fills its hold or
hopper during dredging, while following a pre-set track. The hopper can be
emptied by opening bottom doors or valves (offloading) or by pumping its load
off ashore. This kind of dredger is mainly used in open water: rivers, canals,
estuaries and the open sea.
• Reclamation Dredger
A Reclamation Dredger is a stationary dredger used to empty hopper barges. A suction pipe is lowered into the barge. Extra
water can be added by water by water jets to facilitate the suction process. The dredged material is pumped by pipeline
ashore, to a reclamation area, or to a storage depot.
• Barge Unloading Dredger
Barge unloading dredgers are used to transfer material from hopper barges to shore, usually for reclamation. A barge
unloader is basically a pontoon supporting a suction pump for the unloading, and a high pressure water pump used to
fluidise the barge contents by jetting. The mixture is then pumped through a pipeline to the point of reclamation or
relocation.
• Jet-lift dredgers use the Venturi effect of a concentrated high-speed
stream of water to draw the adjacent water, together with bed material,
into a delivery pipe. The jet head has no moving parts so blockage by
wires and other dock debris is minimised. These dredgers are relatively
small units and some can be manoeuvred on spuds alone.
Impactos del dragado
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN THE DREDGING AREA AND IN THE
DREDGED MATERIAL DEPOSIT AREA
• 4.1. Determination of the Critical Points for the Installations and Operation of the Terminal and Dredge
• 4.1.1. Dredging Site
• 4.1.2. Handling System in the Dredge
• 4.1.3. Operation and Maintenance of the Dredge
• 4.2. Potential Environmental Effects
• 4.3. Evaluation of Foreseeable Effects
• 4.3.1. Effects on Recreational Use
• 4.3.2. Effects on Marine Dynamics
• 4.3.3. Effects on Topography and Bathymetry
• 4.3.4. Effects on Coastal Morphology
• 4.3.5. Effects on Water Quality
• 4.3.6. Effects on the Soil 4.3.7.
• Effects on the Flora and Fauna
• 4.3.8. Ecological Effects
• 4.3.9. Aesthetic Effects
To this end, the following parameters were
determined in this assessment.
• General background of the area that will allow determining the main socioeconomic activities and their relation
with the environment; and the design characteristics of the dredging, as well as of the activities related to it, in
order to determine their possible effects.
• b) Characteristics of ocean dynamics (winds, currents, waves and tides) that will allow the adequate dilution and
dispersion of the wastes and sediments discharged into the sea as a result of the continuous dredging plan and
depositing of dredged material. Likewise, determine the dynamics that may influence in changes, modifications
or disturbances both in the infrastructure or on the sedimentation or erosion processes.
• c) Characteristics of the recipient body waters, particularly: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, DBO (5),
suspended solids, nutrients, among others, so as to serve as a Baseline Study to determine in the future, the
effects that dredging and dredge material deposit activities may cause to the environment.
• d) Benthonic characteristics of the area, to determine which are the live sedentary communities of species that
would be directly affected by the discharge of waste and dredged material, their resistance or adaptation to the
organic contaminants and the deductions that may determine the state in which they are found.
• e) Determine the possible environmental effects in accordance with environmental factors (physiographic,
oceanographic, sea flora and fauna) and anthropogenic factors (population, culture and health), as well as the
critical points of dredging activities, and their foreseeable effects on aesthetics, public health and the ecology.