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Academic Integrity

• Academic integrity is an ethical code or set of standards that apply to


the academic processes and scholarship involved within a university.
• They include being honest, fair and having respect for other people’s
work.
• Good scholarship also includes making sure that your work uses other
people’s work and ideas correctly. If you do use someone else’s ideas,
then they should be correctly acknowledged. Again, this is part of the
overall academic culture as well as part of the University regulations
on appropriate academic conduct.
• To avoid academic misconduct you should avoid minor errors :
• (failure to adopt academically acceptable practices), plagiarism (using
other’s work without acknowledgement), collusion (working with
another person without permission), copying (using another person’s
unpublished work without their knowledge), commissioning or
procuring coursework (paying someone else to do your work) and the
fabrication or embellishment of data (making up or altering results).
Avoiding Plagiarism
• The University’s definition of plagiarism is as follows;
• Plagiarism occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own
work, work in the public domain, written or otherwise, of any other
person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of
forms of plagiarism include:
• the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without
appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement and citation of
the source;
• the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few
words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and
correctly presented acknowledgement and citation of the source;
• the failure to reference appropriately or to adequately identify the
source of material used;
• unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work;
• the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s
own.
• (The University of Liverpool, 2014)
How can I avoid committing plagiarism?
• Plagiarism can be easily avoided if you follow the guidance and rules
provided to you by the University. The main ways to avoid
committing plagiarism are below;
•  Paraphrasing properly
•  Using quotations appropriately
•  Using in-text citations
•  Including a correct reference list
Paraphrasing and Using Quotations
• The incorrect use of paraphrasing and quotations are the main ways
in which many students are accused of committing plagiarism.
Therefore, it is essential that students understand what constitutes as
appropriate paraphrasing and how to use quotations properly.
Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing is the skill of rewriting someone else’s argument or
points almost entirely in your own words so it is substantially
different but the overall message is still the same.
• This is so you can make the information or argument flow more easily
in your own work and most often to condense the information into its
most important points. You will be expected to do a lot of this as you
will need to pack a lot of information into small word counts.
Tips for effective paraphrasing:
• Use a significantly different structure to the original
• Use different vocabulary from the original
• Do not just use the ‘synonyms’ feature on Word to change a few
words
• Try to retain the same general meaning
• Show your interpretation of the point
• Include an in-text citation to acknowledge the source (see section 4.3)
Examples of poor and good paraphrasing:
• Source Idea:
• To be pragmatic, in the general use of the word, indicates a concern
for practical matters; being guided by practical experience rather
than theory. Such an approach will be likely to be congenial to real
world researchers whose main concern is to get on with the job, i.e.
to come up with answers to the problems they are trying to address.

• Robson, C. (2011) Real World Research. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
First attempt to paraphrase:
• Being pragmatic indicates more of a concern for practical matters,
which is the general use of the word. This means that to be pragmatic
would include being guided by more practical experience than theory.
If you are a real world researcher where the major concern is to get
the job done and come up with answers for the problems being
investigated, then this approach would be likely to be agreeable.
• Is this counted as plagiarism?
• YES. Notice that even though, some other words have been added in,
some words have been changed using synonyms and the sentence
structures have been changed slightly, this paraphrase has clearly
maintained the majority of how the original idea has been
communicated. Therefore, this paraphrase would be counted as
plagiarism.
Second attempt to paraphrase
• According to Robson (2011), being pragmatic involves a researcher
encompassing more of a practical approach to research rather than
an approach which may rely more on theoretical concepts and
philosophy. Therefore, this method may lead a researcher to use a
more every day or real-world toolkit in order to solve a problem or
gap in knowledge.
• Is this counted as plagiarism?
• NO. Although the general feel of the original idea has been
captured, the way it has been expressed is different and has been
applied differently for the writer’s purpose. The original idea has
also been cited to show where this original idea has come from (see
section 4.3).
• From the above examples, you should be able to identify what makes
a good paraphrase and what would be counted as plagiarism. If you
are still unsure about how to paraphrase correctly, have a look at the
following link to gain more information on the matter:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/
Using Quotations
• Using quotations should be a last resort and only used when the
source information cannot be paraphrased because it is either too
specific to put into your own words or it will have a greater impact for
your argument if it is kept it its originality. If you do use quotations in
your work there are a few rules to follow;
•  Must be short and used very sparingly
•  Must be in double quotation marks unless indenting to the right
(longer quotes only)
•  Must include a page number in the citation (where possible)
Example:
• Source text
• To be pragmatic, in the general use of the word, indicates a concern
for practical matters; being guided by practical experience rather than
theory. Such an approach will be likely to be congenial to real world
researchers whose main concern is to get on with the job, i.e. to come
up with answers to the problems they are trying to address.

• Robson, C. (2011) Real World Research. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Example of short quotes in text:
• One of the defining aspects of pragmatism is the notion that
researchers will seek to “get on with the job” (Robson, 2011, p. 27).
Example of longer quotes in text:

• In-text citations, and how to include them, are explained in section 4.3 (below). If you
fail to include in-text citations at every point in your essay in which you quote or
paraphrase other work, then this will almost certainly be classed as plagiarism. So make
sure you completely understand what is expected.
4.3 In-text Citations
• You must use citations within the text of your work to acknowledge
the sources you have used. You do this by citing the author's surname
or organization name and the date of publication, and where
appropriate and available, the page number (this is the only
information which you need to include in a citation). The in-text
citations then link to your reference list.
• Note - in the case of texts without page numbers, such as Kindle
books, you should use alternative details such as chapter, section or
location, e.g. (Jones, 2010, Ch 2, Location 345-349) or (Smith, 2011,
Location 263).
You must include the page number when
you are:
• Using a direct quotation from an original source
• Summarising an idea from a particular page
• Copying tables or figures
• Providing particular details, such as a date
• However, when your sentence summarises the main view expressed
throughout an article or book etc. which does not come from a
particular page you are not required to use page numbers.
• If citing a source which has three or more authors you may use the
first authors surname and then "et al." and the year and page number
(if available). You must however, include all the surnames of the
authors when giving the full reference at the end of an essay/report.
Examples of in-text citations:
• In critical thinking it is important to appreciate the difficulties that
students can face when trying to order their thoughts in a more
reasoned and logical way (Cottrell, 2011). Subsequently, critical
thinking is a skill which will require a great deal of practice to fully
grasp this way of thinking (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2013). It is
argued as being the skill of making "careful judgements about
information and to evaluate its quality" (Drew and Bingham, 2001, p.
282) through challenging and examining information in much more
detail and depth (Smith et al, 2011).
• Referencing is when you give the complete bibliographic details for
the sources you have used, usually in the form of a reference list at
the end of a piece of work. Failure to reference your sources
correctly can constitute as plagiarism.

• This then enables the reader to locate the sources of information you
have used to verify your arguments and points. They also show the
breadth of your reading and research and how you have developed an
effective argument.
Style of referencing
• There are many different styles of referencing in academia but the
one that we use within the Management School is the British Harvard
Referencing style. You should follow the guidance provided by the
library via Cite them Right.
How to reference common sources
• Included over the next few pages are instructions on how to reference
common sources. However, it does not include all sources therefore
you may need to use the ‘Cite them Right’ feature on the library
website.
Books
Journal Articles
Web pages or other online sources
Reports
Reference Lists
• A reference list is the list of references which link to the citations you
have used within your text and this typically comes at the end of your
piece of work.
• You may be asked to include a bibliography instead of a reference list
and this term tends to be used interchangeably for the same thing.
• However, technically bibliographies are different from reference lists
as they may require a list of every source you have read as well as
every source you have cited so it is important that you seek
clarification with this issue from your module leader if it arises.
Rules for a reference list;
• Sources must be ordered in alphabetical order according to surname
or organisation/website name.
• Do not include numbers or bullet points to list your references.
• Leave a space between each line to make it as clear as possible.

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