Data Communication

Data Communication
• Data communication is the exchange of
data between two devices via some form
of transmission medium .
• The effectiveness of a data
communication system depends on the
three Fundamental characteristics:
• a) Delivery b) Accuracy c) Timeliness
• Delivery:- the System must deliver data to
the correct destination.
• Accuracy :- the system must deliver data
accurately.
• Timeliness:- The System must deliver
data in a timely manner.
 Components
• A data communication system is made up
of five components
• A) message b) sender c) receiver d)
medium e) protocol
• Message: The message is the information
to be communicated. It can consist of text,
number, pictures, sound or video.
• Sender:-The sender is the device that
sends the data message. It can be a
computer ,workstation, telephone handset,
video camera and so on.
• Receiver : The receiver is the device that
received the message. it can be a
computer, workstation ,telephone handset,
television and so on.
• Medium: The transmission medium is the
physical path by which a message travel
from sender to receiver . It consist of
twisted pair wire, coaxial cable and radio
waves (satellite microwave).
• A protocol defines what is
communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is
communicated.
• A protocol is a set of rules that govern
data communication .
• it represents an agreement between the
communicating devices.
 Networks

• A networks is a set of devices connected

by media links.
• A node can be a computer, printer or any
other device capable of sending/receiving
data generated by other nodes on the
network. The links connecting the devices
are often called communication channels.
 Network media
• With computer networks ,media refers to
the means used to link a network’s node
together.
 Type of media
• 1) wire-based media
• 2) wireless media
 wire-based media

• In case of wire based media , data can be

communicate through wire.
• For example pair wire( normal electrical
wire), coaxial cable( this type of cable
used for cable television) etc.
 wireless media

• It use radio signals that travels through the

air for transmitting data.
• For example satellites communication.
 Transmission Mode
• the term transmission mode is used to
define the direction of signal flow between
two linked devices.
• Type transmission mode: 1) Simplex 2)
half duplex 3) full duplex.
 Simplex
• In simplex mode ,the communication is
unidirectional , as on a one way direction.
Only one of the two station on a link can
transmit and other can only received.
 Half Duplex
• In half duplex mode ,each station can both
transmit and receive ,but not at the same
time. When one device is sending ,the
other can only receive.
 Full duplex
• In full duplex mode ,both station can
transmit and receive simultaneously.
 Types of Network
• LAN (local Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 LAN (local Area Network)

• It is a data communication system

consisting of several devices such as
computer and printers.
• this type of network contains computers
that are physically connected using
cables.
• Any network that exists within a single
building, or even a group of adjacent
buildings, is considered a LAN.
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
• It is two or more LAN connected together,
generally across a wide geographical
area.
• For example WWW.
 MAN
• It is a large scale network that connects
multiple LAN together.
• For example ortel.
 Topology

• The term topology refers to the way a

network is laid out, either physically or
logically.
• Two or more devices connect to a link.
 Type of Topology
1) Mesh Topology 2)Star Topology 3)Tree Topology 4)Bus
Topology 5)Ring Topology 6) Hybrid Topology
 Mesh Topology
• In a mesh topology ,every devices has a
dedicated point to point link to every other
devices.
• The term dedicated means that the link
carries traffic only between the two
devices it connects.
Mesh Topology
• Advantage: 1) to eliminating the traffic
problems that can occur when links must
be shared by multiple devices. 2) It has
privacy or security.
• Disadvantage: 1) The amount of cabling
and the number of i/o ports required. 2)
More Expensive.
 Star topology
• In a star topology ,each device has a
dedicated point to point link only to a
central controller, usually called a hub.
• The devices are not directly linked to each
other.
Star topology
• Advantage: 1) It is less expensive 2) if
one link fails other link are not fails.
• Disadvantage: 1) If central hub is fail the
other network will be fail.
 Ring topology
• In a ring topology ,each device has a
dedicated point to point line configuration
only with the two devices on either side of
it.
Ring topology
• Advantage: A signal is passed along the
ring in one direction ,from device to
device, until it reaches its destination.
• Disadvantage: No hub required.
 Bus Topology
• In bus topology ,each & every computer
are connected with a common cable.
• It follow the multipoint line configuration.
Bus topology
• Advantage: 1) It is ease of installation.
2) if one computer will be fail other
computer are not fail.
• Disadvantage: 1) if main cable are fail
,the entire network will be fail.
 Tree Topology
• A tree topology is a variation of a star.
• Computer in a tree are linked to a central
hub that controls the traffic to the network.
• Not every device plugs directly into the
central hub.
• The majority of devices connect to a
secondary hub that is connected to the
central hub.
• The central hub in the tree is an active
hub.
Tree Topology
• Advantage & disadvantage of a tree
topology are generally the same as star
topology.
• Good example of tree topology can be
seen in cable TV technology.
 Hybrid Topology
• The combination of bus topology ,star
topology, ring topology, mesh topology,
tree topology are know as hybrid
topology.
Hybrid Topology
 Videoconferencing

• It enables real-time communication over a

distance by allowing people at two or more
sites to communicate with each other by
seeing a video picture of the people at the
other sites.
• Each site has one or more cameras,
microphones, loudspeakers and monitor.
 Internet
• Internet is an inter-connection between
several computers of different types
belonging to various networks all over the
globe.
• It is a network of network.
 Intranet
• An intranet resides completely within the
company’s internal network and is
accessible only to people that are
members of the same company .
 Client –server Model
• Client-A client is a program running on the
local machine requesting service from a
server.
• Server- A server is a program running on
the remote machine providing service to
the clients.
 DNS(Domain Name system)

• To identify an entity ,TCP/IP protocols use the IP

Address, which prefer to use names instead of
Addresses.
 FTP
• FTP is the standard mechanism provided by
TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to
another.
• Transferring files from one computer to another
is one of the most common tasks expected from
a networking or internetworking environment.
 HTTP
• The HTTP is a protocol used mainly to access
data on the WWW. The protocol transfers data
in the form of plain text , hypertext, audio and
video.
• It is rapid jumps from one document to another.
 URL(uniform Resource Locator)

• A client that wants to access a document

needs an address. To facilitate the access
of documents distributed throughout the
world ,HTTP uses the concept of locators.
• URL is a standard for specifying any kind
of information on the Internet.