HYDRAULIC AND

PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

PA R T I I
PASCAL’S TALE
 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

TO SIMPLIFY THE CONCEPTS OF HYDRAULIC

AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS FITTED IN
AIRCRAFT.
 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

LEARNING/ RECAPPING COMPONENTS OF

HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS.

LEARNING ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS.

LEARNING ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS.
 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

LEARNING/ RECAPPING COMPONENTS OF

HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS.

LEARNING ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS.

LEARNING ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS.
 PREVIOUS LECTURE TIE-IN

LEARNT USE OF HYDRAULIC PRESSURE.

GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE PARTS OF

A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM.
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

A P P L I C AT I O N S
SERVICES
COMPONENTS
A D VA N TA G E S
 APPLICATIONS
• HEAVY
MACHINERY
 APPLICATIONS
• HEAVY
MACHINERY
• CAR BRAKES
 APPLICATIONS
• HEAVY
MACHINERY
• CAR BRAKES

• LOWRIDER
CARS
APPLICATIONS
 SUPPLY
• PRIMARY
PRIMARY SUPPLY
+
• EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY
• SECONDARY MAIN SERVICES SUPPLY
• UTILITY
SECONDARY
SUPPLY

UTILITY SUPPLY

UTILITY SERVICES
 MAIN SERVICES
• ELEVATORS

• AILERONS

• RUDDER

• SPOILERS

• AIR BRAKE

• FLAPS
 UTILITY SERVICES
• RAMP

• STEERING
UTILITY
• UNDER-
SUPPLY
CARRIAGE
• WHEEL
BRAKES
 PROBLEMS FACED
 NO LEAKS.
• HIGH
 SEALS.
PRESSURE
 NO CONTAMINATION.
• HIGH TEMP

 INCOMPRESSIBLE.
 NO AIR.
AIR IN SYSTEM
 AIR IN SYSTEM
• TEMPERATURE
 AIR IN SYSTEM
• TEMP

• PRESSURE
 AIR IN SYSTEM
• TEMP

• PRESSURE

• MOVEMENT
 COMPONENTS
• PRIMARY

• EMERGENCY

• SECONDARY

• UTILITY
 COMPONENTS
• RESERVOIR

• PUMP

• ACCUMULATOR

• FILTER

• NRVs
 COMPONENTS
• RESERVOIR

• PUMP

• ACCUMULATOR

• FILTER

• NRVs
 RESERVOIR
• BIG ENOUGH
TO HOLD FLUID
• REMOVAL OF
AIR
• COOLING
• BAFFLES
• APPLY
PRESSURE

• RELIEVE
PRESSURE
 PUMPS
• 10 AXIAL
PISTON AND
CYLINDERS

FLUID DRAWN IN FLUID

PUSHED OUT
 PUMPS
• CONSTANT
DISPLACEMENT
 PUMPS
• SELF
REGULATING
Click icon to add picture
 PUMPS

• HAND PUMPS
 ACCUMULATOR
• ABSORBS SHOCKS
AND SUDDEN
CHANGES IN FLUID
PRESSURE
• SMOOTHES OUT
PRESSURE RIPPLES
CAUSED BY PUMP
OPERATION AND
USE IN JACKS
• MAINTAIN
PRESSURE WHEN
PUMP FAILS TO
OPERATE
 VALVES
• NON RETURN
VALVES
• PRESSURE
RELIEF VALVES
 CONTROL VALVE
• ROTARY
CONTROL
VALVE
ROTARY CONTROL VALVE
ROTARY CONTROL VALVE
 CONTROL VALVE
• LINEAR
CONTROL
VALVE
LINEAR CONTROL VALVE
LINEAR CONTROL VALVE
 MISCELLANEOUS
•FILTERS.

• HEAT EXCHANGERS AND

TEMPERATURE WARNING
SYSTEMS.

•INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL.

• JACKS AND MOTORS.

 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS

INSTANTANEOUS ACTION.

SYSTEM IS RELIABLE, COMPACT & EASY TO

MAINTAIN.

LONGER LOADS CAN BE MOVED EASILY WITH

VERY LITTLE EFFORT ON SIDE OF PILOT.
 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS

GEARING FOR DIFFERENT LOADS CAN BE

ACHIEVED EASILY BY CHANGING PISTON
AREA.

HYDRAULIC FLUID ALSO ACTS AS A

LUBRICATION FOR MOVING PARTS.
 DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULICS

INABILITY TO STORE PRESSURE.

TEMPERATURE AND AERATION.

CONTAMINATION.

FLAMMABILITY – SKYDROL vs. OM-15

HAZARDOUS LIQUID.
 HAZARDS
•HIGH PRESSURE

•TOXIC NATURE
Click icon to add picture
PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

A P P L I C AT I O N S
COMPONENTS
A D VA N TA G E S
D I S A D VA N TA G E S
 APPLICATIONS OF PNEUMATICS

PRESSURE ENERGY STORAGE.

COMPRESSION.

PRESSURE ENERGY TRANSFER.

HEAT ENERGY TRANSFER.

 PRESSURE ENERGY
STORAGE
• FIRE FIGHTING
SYSTEMS
 PRESSURE ENERGY
STORAGE
• FIRE FIGHTING
SYSTEMS
• LIFE RAFTS
 PRESSURE ENERGY
STORAGE
• FIRE FIGHTING
SYSTEMS
• LIFE RAFTS

• HYDRAULIC
BACKUP
 COMPRESSION
• SHOCK
ABSORBERS
 COMPRESSION
• SHOCK
ABSORBERS

• SEAL
INFLATION
 PRESSURE ENERGY
TRANSFER
• AUGMENTED
LIFT DEVICES
 PRESSURE ENERGY
TRANSFER
• AUGMENTED
LIFT DEVICES
 PRESSURE ENERGY
TRANSFER
• AUGMENTED
LIFT DEVICES
• AIR STARTERS
 HEAT ENERGY
TRANSFER
• AIR
CONDITIONING
 HEAT ENERGY
TRANSFER
• AIR
CONDITIONING
• ICE
PROTECTION
 COMPONENTS OF PNEUMATICS

COMPRESSOR.
RELIEF VALVE.
GROUND CHARGING VALVE.
ANTI-FREEZE.
OIL AND WATER TRAP.
REGULATING VALVE.
AIR BOTTLES.
COMPONENTS OF PNEUMATICS
 ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS

• SIMPLICITY OF DESIGN AND CONTROL.

• AIR ALREADY AVAILABLE FROM THE PROPULSION

SYSTEM AT A HIGH TEMP & PRESSURE. SO COST
EFFECTIVE.

• RELIABILITY.
• LONG OPERATING LIVES.

• LITTLE MAINTENANCE.
• BECAUSE GAS IS COMPRESSIBLE, LESS SUBJECT TO SHOCK
DAMAGE.
• COMPRESSED GAS CAN BE STORED, SO MACHINES STILL
RUN FOR A WHILE IF ELECTRICAL POWER IS LOST.
 ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATICS

• LIGHTER AND CLEANER.

• USED AIR CAN BE DISCHARGED TO THE ATMOSPHERE.
• HENCE SPACE AND WEIGHT EFFICIENT.
• NO RETURN PIPELINES REQUIRED.

 SAFETY.

 CAN BE USED IN HIGH TEMP HIGH PRESSURE

SYSTEMS, AS AIR IS NON-INFLAMMABLE.

• AFTERBURNERS.
 LIMITATIONS OF PNEUMATICS

 LIMITED POWER.

 DIFFICULT TO MAKE AIRTIGHT JOINTS.

 DIFFICULT TO TRACE LEAKS.

 DOES NOT PROVIDE ANY INTERNAL LUBRICATION.

 MUST KNOW

A P P L I C AT I O N S O F H Y D R A U L I C A N D
P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S .

A D VA N TA G E S A N D D I S A D VA N TA G E S
O F H Y D R A U L I C A N D P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S .

ROLE OF COMPONENTS
O F H Y D R A U L I C A N D P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S .
 SHOULD KNOW

CONSTRUCTION OF COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC

SYSTEMS.

P R O B L E M S FA C E D I N A H Y D R A U L I C S Y S T E M .
 COULD KNOW

H E N R Y ’ S L AW, D A LT O N ’ S L AW, C AV I TAT I O N .

 QUESTIONS TO THE CLASS

 BAFFLES ARE USED IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR (PREVENTING

SURGES/ LEAKS/ EVAPORATION LOSS)

 IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM, RESERVOIR IS USED FOR

__________________, _______________ AND _______.

 PNEUMATIC SYSTEM (LACKS/PROVIDES) INSTANTANEOUS

ACTION AND IS (HIGHLY/NOT SO) EFFICIENT AT TRANSMITTING
POWER.

 THERMAL RELIEF VALVE ARE FITTED IN HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS

TO RELIEVE EXCESS PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE DUE TO
THERMAL EXPANSION AND ARE SENSITIVE TO
PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE.
 QUESTIONS TO THE CLASS

 BAFFLES ARE USED IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR (PREVENTING

SURGES/ LEAKS/ EVAPORATION LOSS)

 IN A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM, RESERVOIR IS USED FOR STORING

THE FLUID, REMOVAL OF AIR AND COOLING.

 PNEUMATIC SYSTEM (LACKS/PROVIDES) INSTANTANEOUS

ACTION AND IS (HIGHLY/NOT SO) EFFICIENT AT TRANSMITTING
POWER.

 THERMAL RELIEF VALVE ARE FITTED IN HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS

TO RELIEVE EXCESS (PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE) DUE TO
THERMAL EXPANSION AND ARE SENSITIVE TO
(PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE).
 QUESTIONS TO THE CLASS

 ________________________ IS SOMETIMES INCORPORATED TO

EQUALISE THE PRESSURE OF THE AIR IN THE HYDRAULIC
RESERVOIR.

 WHAT TYPE OF GAS IS USED TO INFLATE LIFE SAVING

JACKETS?

A MILKY APPEARANCE IN THE SIGHT GLASS OF THE

HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR IS AN INDICATION OF ____________.
 QUESTIONS TO THE CLASS

 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE IS SOMETIMES INCORPORATED TO

EQUALISE THE PRESSURE OF THE AIR IN THE HYDRAULIC
RESERVOIR.

 WHAT TYPE OF GAS IS USED TO INFLATE LIFE SAVING

JACKETS?

A MILKY APPEARANCE IN THE SIGHT GLASS OF THE

HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR IS AN INDICATION OF ____________.
 QUESTIONS TO THE CLASS

 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE IS SOMETIMES INCORPORATED TO

EQUALISE THE PRESSURE OF THE AIR IN THE HYDRAULIC
RESERVOIR.

 WHAT TYPE OF GAS IS USED TO INFLATE LIFE SAVING

JACKETS?

A MILKY APPEARANCE IN THE SIGHT GLASS OF THE

HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR IS AN INDICATION OF AIR IN SYSTEM.
CONCLUSION
?