Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
DEFINITION OF SP
SHALE
SP PRINCIPLES
• Must have water-based mud Electrochemical Effect
• Mud-formation water salinity SHALE
difference causes battery effect Flushed Virgin
Zone Zone
• Battery effect components SAND
Less Salty Salty
Water Water
– Electrochemical
• In permeable region
• Anions more mobile than
cations Membrane effect
– Membrane Membrane
+
+ effect
+
+
• Shale acts as membrane +
• Properties mV -
-
+
BED
+
– measures formation +
+ SHALE
voltage
– passive measurement
ORIGIN OF SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
The electrochemical
potential sensed in
the borehole is
generated by the
sum of two
potentials known as
the membrane
potential and Em and
the liquid junction
potential Ej.
Ec = E m + E j
SP CURRENTS
BOREHOLE
SHALE
+
BASELINE +
+
Em
+ SHALE
+
+ _ + Note:
_ +
Porous _ + Reverse SP
SP
AMPLITUDE
Permeable
Formation Rm
_
Rmf
+
+ Ej
Rw occurs when
_ + formation water
_ + is fresher than
_ +
mud filtrate
_ +
+
+ SHALE
+
+ Em
+
+
INVADED ZONE
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL, Em
Created when a
shale is introduced
between a
concentrated salt
solution (formation
water) and a diluted
salt solution (fresh
mud filtrate)
LIQUID JUNCTION POTENTIAL
• Hence,
Esp ( El Em )
STATIC SP (SSP)
Low resistivity
suggesting a
water bearing
formation
Sandstone
baseline
Shale base
line is the SP
response
across a
thick shale or
several shale
intervals
TYPICAL SP RESPONSES –
REVERSED SP
5 BASED ON THE DIFFERENCE
(+) BETWEEN Rw and Rmf
4
• If Rmf > Rw
– Shales will have a low SP
and clean sandstones will
have a higher SP.
• If Rmf < Rw
– Shales will have a high SP
and clean sandstones will
have a lower SP.
• If Rmf = Rw
– Little SP will be developed
and the SP log will have
very little character.
PSEUDO - STATIC SP (PSP)
-20mV+
Shale Baseline
• From electrochemical theory: Sand
Rwe or Rmfe
• For small salinities, a = 1/R
– For fresh mud filtrate, assume
– Rmfe = Rmf or
– Rmfe = 0.85Rmf (Schlumberger)
• For high salinities
– Correction needed
– Use Chart SP-2 (Schlumberger)
– Use Chart SP-3 (Halliburton) Rw or Rmf
EXAMPLE D
• Apply SP equation
– -50 = -0.24(33+271)log(3.3/Rwe)
– Rwe = 0.68
– Chart SP-2 gives Rw = 1.3 ohm-m
(See next page)
Rwe or Rmfe
Rwe=
0.68
Rw = 1.3
Rw or Rmf
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Determine Rmfe
0.5,100F
2. Determine
Rwe from
Rmfe
60, 100
7
SSP
3. Finally, determine Rw
• Using Figure, we
determine Rw = 0.10 ohm-
m at 100 0F
• Here, Rw < Rmf. This
problem illustrates the fact
that if Rw < Rmf, SP
0.064, 100F
deflection is negative
(0.1<0.45 ohm-m)
0.064 mV (Normal SP)
THE SILVA-BASSIOUNI METHOD
Rw ESTIMATION FROM Rwe
EXAMPLE SILVA-BASSIOUNI METHOD
• Shaliness R
SSP = -K log mfe
Rwe