Research

Methodology
Dr. Khalid Manzoor Butt
• Research: the systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions.
• Introduction: The social sciences are the fields of
scholarship that study society. "Social science" is
commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a
plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences. These
include: anthropology, archaeology, business
administration, communication, criminology, economics,
education, government, linguistics, international
relations, political science, sociology and, in some
contexts, geography, history, law, and psychology.
• Social Problems and Social Science: the connection
between social science and social problems should be a
high priority for all of us -- social scientists and citizens
alike. Example : Poverty and Social Science (Economics)

• Social Problems and Social Science: the connection

between social science and social problems should be a
high priority for all of us -- social scientists and citizens
alike Example : Poverty and Social Science (Economics)
• The field of human knowledge that deals with all aspects of
the group life of human beings. So it is subject to change with
the changes the human behavior
 Psychological Implications

• Psych of Individuals (Buddha and Confucius religion law abiding)---

Docile

• Psych of Nations (Afghans-----Germans---Superior)

Difference Between Social and
Physical Sciences
Social Sciences
Law related to man’s behavior
Man is a social animal
Assumption man is the central figure
Psychologically related
Basic elements cant be separated
analytically. Combination of different
things
Less exactness
(Approximately) fewer predictions
Objectivity with difficulty
Lesser scope for measurement of
subject matter
Physical Sciences
Physical laws are natural phenomena
(Earth revolves around sun,
Sun rises from East)
No equivalent (perfect ness in center
To know and verify physically
assessment
Basic elements can separated by
analysis
Great exactness
More actual predications
Objectivity normally easily
Greater possibility of measurement
Difference Between Social and
Physical Sciences
Social Sciences Physical Sciences
Society is (No) laboratory- difficulty in Specific laboratories easy to test
testing
No equipment's Equipment to test and measurement
 Utility and Significance of
Social Research
• 1. Like new born child, research gives us pleasure.
• 2. It gives us satisfaction of knowing the unknown.
• 3. Know and understand unknown things and phenomenon.
• 4. Provides guidance to social planning (no electricity….. effects on
temperament)
• 5. facilities control by providing first hand knowledge about
organization and working of society and its institutions.
• 6. Give us great power of control over social phenomenon.
• 7. Knowledge is enlightenment, awareness.
• 8. Discard assumption, it discard superstition and stereotype
thinking. Promoting better understanding and social cohesion.
 Utility and Significance of
Social Research
• 9. Give more information about different facts.
• 10. Suggest effective remedial measure: Researcher provides
sound guidelines for appropriate measure of welfare or reforms.
• 11. Means to counter the problem.
• 12. Sound basis for predictions
• 13. Can guide social growth on proper lines and towards the
cherished goals.
• 14. It helps to improve the quality of social life by offering decision
makers substantive advices and reason about what do decide and
make people friendly policies.
• 15. Social research is the scientific analysis of the nature.
Classification of Social Research
• 1. Basic fundamental Research
• 2. Applied Research
• 3. Descriptive Research
• 4. Exploratory Research
• 5. Historical Research
• 6. Survey Research
• 7. Evaluation Research
• 8. Assessment Research
• 9. Intra Disciplinary Research
• 10. Comparative Research
• 11. Case study Research
• 12. Experimental Research
• 13. Expose facts Research
Classification of Social Research
• 1. Fundamental of basic Research (intellectual
curiosity)
• To explain the phenomenon-----set answers---intellectual
curiosity---Apple Newton.
• To search for broad principles without any immediate
utilization objective Einstein’s theory of relativity. It objective
to discover new but broad principles without aiming at any
immediate application.
• Discovery of new theory
• The knowledge has not existed so far.
• Development of existing theory. Reinterpretation: Marxism-
Lenin, Marxism-Mao.
Classification of Social Research
• 2. Applied Research (For solution)

• Starts with observation

• Welfare and betterment of society
• It aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a
society. It is concerned with actual life. Gives solutions of
social problems.
• Child Labor
• Increase in suicide rate
• Why democracy fails in Muslim countries.
Classification of Social Research
• 3. Descriptive Research

• For findings it is essentially a fact finding approach.

• Why democracy fail in the 3rd world?
• Why some thing occurs to whom it is associated?
• To portray MQM accurately the characteristic of a particular
individual, situation or group.
• Why big family size in poor families.
Classification of Social Research
• 4. Historical Research

• Related to events relating to History descriptions of taxation

system in Mughal tenure.
• Crusades causes
• How state evolved ?
• Down fall of Mughal what were the causes ?
• Historical Research is the induction of Principles through
research, to the past and social forces which have shaped the
present. --- A great deal of imagination is necessary in using
the historical method-No verification one can have sources.
Classification of Social Research
• 5. Formulative or Exploratory Research

• India wants to control Indian ocean

• It has the purpose of formulating a problem for more precise
investigation or for developing hypothesis --- Clarifying
concepts.
• India in the process of disintegration---- India----Pakistan---
Bangladesh
• System Approach-Disesteem was an exploratory. More
intellectual nature.
• More intellectual nature
• Saddam Hussain was a Fascist
Classification of Social Research
• 6. Experimental Research (Cause and effect
relation)

• To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables.

To control one variables to check the effect, congenial
atmosphere effect study. (Independent variable can control)
• Qualified teachers improve grade of child. (Child is dependent
variable)
• Can control casual variable in present.
 Classification of Social Research
• 7. Expost Factor Research
• Is an empirical inquiry in which the scientist does not have control
of independent variables.
• Murder of M. Liaqat Ali
• Find the causes and know about the incident or event.
• Because their manifestations have already accorded and they are
inherently not manipulated. “Creation of Pakistan” “Debacle of E.
Pakistan”
• Does not apply to pure sciences but to social sciences.
• In Social science more study in it usually.
• Cannot control causal variable past.
Classification of Social Research
• 8. Case Study
A comprehensive study of a social unit (person, group, institution)
is called case study “Ahmedi sect” – People Party, MQM, Taj Mahal
Hospital one can know precise by the factors and causes of a
particular phenomenon. A good method of collecting on
formation about any phenomenon.

Characteristics of case study method:

1. The study of the whole Unit.
2. Intensive Study
Classification of Social Research
• Sources in case study method:
• 1. Personal document: the hidden secret of an individual (letter,
diary, auto-biography, Public documents, minutes of meeting,
orders of government, work plan)
• 2. Life History: entire life of the person taken in to account His
interview and his closed persons interview, associated locations.

Phases of Case Study

1. Choice of cases
2. Recording of data
3. Interpretation
Case work
Relates the developmental and adjustmental procedure that follows
the diagnosis.
Classification of Social Research
• 9. Survey Research
• Study large and small group through samples chosen from the
population.
• The study of interrelationship of variables related to sociology
economics and cultural criticism of population. Generally
samples are selected and interviews were held to measure
variables.
• To open a school in a particular area.
• Characteristics of a community.
• Opening of new projects
• Problem of working women
• Lady Doctor as wife
Classification of Social Research
• 10. Evaluation Research
• Related to the measurement of the performance of a project or
a program in relation to the targets and goals set for the
program or project when it was made. e.g. when Tarbela Dam
was made some targets must have been set about how much
irrigation, electricity, fishery and tourism will be produced.
When the govt. Sasta Roti Scheme it must has set good who
much cost and benefit of the program.

• After the project is completed some body may go and measure

the actual performance of the project. It is called evaluation
research.
Formulative and Exploratory
Research
• Formulative and Exploratory Research:
Formulative and exploratory develop an hypothesis and clarify
concepts precise investigation of a problem.

• Descriptive Research
• A fact finding-characteristic of an individual or group on a
particular situation--- To whom it is why associated to open a
school in particular area prospects.
• Feeling attitude characteristics of a particular group and habits.
• Comparative Research economically, intellectually.
• Descriptive Research:
• A fact finding- Characteristics of an individual or group on a
particular situation– To whom it is why associated to open a school
in particular area prospects.
• Feeling attitudes characteristics of a particular group and habits.
• Comparative Research economically, intellectually.

Survey Research
• Studies large and small population by selecting and studying sample
chosen from the population to discover the relative incidence– it is
mostly devoted to the study of characteristics of the population
under investigation.
• Problems of working women, child labour, lady doctor as wives.
• When new project is launched Pepsi or burger in specific area– to
get people opinion.
• Evaluation Research
• Is primarily directed to evaluate the performance of the developmental
projects that have already implemented- To assess the impact of such
programmes. Targets and goals of project when it was made– and after
completion results.

• Types of Research evaluation

• 1. Concurrent Eva. Goes on side by side with implementation of subject.
• 2. Periodic Evaluation
• 3. Terminal on completion

Community development program

Action research (reaction in specific coding)
• Assessment Study:
• Describe the status of a phenomenon at a particular time. It may
deal with prevailing opinion, knowledge, practice or condition.
• Opinion about democracy---Not test or give suggestion
hypothesis--- Nor– no recommendation.

• Comparative Method:
• To discuss intellectual capacity or performance financial position
in comparison to others.
• Explain the means of comparison– comparative data to analysis.
Inter-Disciplinary Research
• Every researcher in a particular field has to follow a particular
discipline and method of study and the subject matter. Each
branch of knowledge has its own discipline. Any explanation
from one discipline would be in complete. To remove this
difficult to get help of various disciplines for finding out solution
is called inter-discipline.
• Essential for
1. Specialist of dif dise. Agreed to work.
2. cooper-coordinated research
3. Utilitarian outlook
4. Need for inter-dise
5. To avoid over specialization
6. To achieve objectivity
Methods and Techniques of
Research
• In a boarder sense, any method of investigation by which,
scientific or any other impartial systematic knowledge is
acquired, is called a scientific method.

• Scientific method consists of systematic observation classic

fiction and interpretation of data.

• Scientific thinking is more formal, strict empirical and goal

oriented.
Primary forms of kinds of
scientific method
• Inductive:
• From a particular facts to making a general rule or principle is
known as inductive e.g. a, b, c are things and they occupy
space based on observation.

• Deductive:
• From general rule to particular case: man is mortal and Aslam
is man, therefore, Aslam is mortal based on observation but
apply logic philosophy.
 Primary forms of kinds of scientific
method
• Historical:
• A backward movement in knowledge to trace the antecedent cause
or causes of a phenomenon.
• Comparative:
• Analysis and comparison of two contemporary phenomenon is
known comparative method two government or political system.
• Structural:
What are outlines and significant feature of a body. Anatomy
• Functional:
The process and their causes that is “how” and “why” of a thing
physiology.
• Techniques are those special procedures by which a scientific/
sociologist collects and orders data in the field of his specialization.
 Distinction between Methods
and Techniques
• Method is a systematic study of definite matter. Technique is
procedure of collecting and ordering data.

• Method has a fixed out lay and scheduled steps Techniques keeps
changing observation to photography. Listening to recording.

• Method is common to all sciences.

• Phases:
• Observation
• Noting
• Classification
• Generalization
• Verification
• Techniques are not common to all sciences.
Kinds of Techniques
• 1. Observation

• 2. Questionnaire (Survey)

• 3. Schedule and Interview

• 4. Documentary Study discussion

• 5. Field Study