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• Pengiran Temenggong Anak

Hashim; one of four Wazirs


in Brunei.
• Became the 25th Sultan in
1885.
• Known as Sultan Hashim
Jalilul Alam Aqamadin.
• Son of Sultan Omar Ali
Saifuddin the 2nd.
• Had been Pengiran
Temenggong since 1852.
• Acted as regent when
Sultan Abdul Momin
became old.
Sultan Hashim inherited much
smaller kingdom than his
father was a Sultan.
1885; Brunei was only the size
of modern Brunei [plus(+)
Limbang and Panduran
district].
He knew both the British North
Borneo Company and the
Map showing the Loss of
Territories 1841 - 1905
He also knew that Brunei
was not strong enough to
stop them from taking
control of these lands.
When he became the the
Sultan, although he was
aware of Sultan Abdul
Momin’s aware, he still had
to sign an agreement to
cede Terusan to Sarawak.
Signed in; 17 September
1888
Between; ~Sultan Hashim
[on behalf of Brunei]
~Sir Hugh Low
[on behalf of Britain]
1887; Sultan Hashim
appealed by letter to the
British Crown to prevent
either partition or any
further losses of Brunei
territory.
British were worried about
both the French and the
Germans capturing territory
in Asia, so they responded
September 1888; Britain
sent Sir Hugh Low from
Perak to negotiate a
treaty to give the British
control of Brunei’s
external affair.
Among the terms of Treaty of
Protection were;
~Brunei’s status was
changed to British
Protectorate, with Sultan as
sovereign ruler.
~Britain took over
responsibility for Brunei’s
external affairs. Brunei was
guaranteed protection
~The Sultan could not
cede or lease any
territory to foreigner
powers or their subjects
without the British
consent.
• Brunei thought that this
Treaty of Protection would
save from any foreign
intervention especially from
Charles Brooke.
• This didn’t happen because
as far as the British
concerned, Charles Brooke
was not a foreigner but a
British. When Charles Brooke
Charles Brooke seized
Limbang on 17 March 1890.
Charles Brooke was attracted
to Limbang because it was
the richest food-growing
district in Brunei.
He argued that Limbang was
part of the land given to him
in 1884 as part of the
Map showing the
location of Limbang
Limbang was the Kuripan
property of Sultan Hashim.
He strongly opposed Charles
Brooke’s seizure of Limbang and
protested to the British
Government.
This led to an investigation
headed by Noel Trevenan.
In his investigation, Trevenan
invited 15 of the 33 local
chiefs to a meeting to ask for
their opinion.
12 of 15 local chiefs were in
favor of joining Sarawak
which was under Charles
Brooke.
Sultan Hashim objected to the
way this was done because;
~It took no account of the
opinion of the chiefs who were
not invited.
~Those who were invited were
all Brooke’s supporters.
~The official accompanying
Trevenan all worked for Charles
Brooke.
Sultan Hashim asked British to
honour the 1888 Treaty of
Protection, instead the British
accepted Trevenan’s report
and confirmed Charles
Brooke’s annexation of
Limbang in July 1891.
Belait was the Tulin property
of the Pengiran Di-Gadong.
Troubles in Tutong and Belait
areas dated from about 1895.
The Main Cause of the trouble
was the heavy taxes imposed
by the Tulin holders to the
people in both areas.
The Belait and Tutong chiefs
opposed strongly to the
varied and unjust taxes
imposed on them.
People suffered and were
exploited which were a cause
much resentment.
The disturbance began when
the people in Belait and
Sultan Hashim sent his son
in-law, Pengiran Tajuddin to
stop the troubles occurring in
both areas.
Many rebels were executed
by the Sultan’s order and
many also fled to Limbang.
These disturbance gave
Charles Brooke the
oppurtunity to annexes
Tutong and Belait.
Charles Brooke was
supported by the British
Consul in Singapore, Hewett.
• 1st July 1901; Charles Brooke
and Hewett asked Sultan
Hashim to cede Belait and
Tutong in return for an annual
payment of $3,000 from
Sarawak, Sultan Hahim
refused.
• 19th June 1902; Charles Brooke
and Hewett tried and been
rejected again.
• Sultan Hashim said “what would
happen to me, to the chiefs and
my descendant? I should be left
like a tree, stripped of branches
and twigs.” Belait and Tutong
therefore the remain part of
Sultan Hashim felt that the
British not really protecting
Brunei.
1903; Sultan Hashim wrote a
letter to Sultan Hamid of Turkey.
In the letter, Sultan Hashim
asked for help to get back
Limbang.
It was discovered by British and
The British Government
worried that Sultan Hashim
would ask for help from other
foreign powers, and decided
to send Malcolm McArthur to
Brunei.
His job was to write report
about the Problems in Brunei.
McArthur saw the problems was
created by Charles Brooke and
the British North Borneo
Company.
He recommended a new
agreement to supplement the
1888 Treaty of Protection.
He said that these additions
would make the Treaty of
Protection stronger, and would
help to protect Brunei.
• Signed; on 31st December
1905.
• By; ~Sultan Hashim [on
behalf of Brunei]
~John Anderson
[representing the British
Government]
Under the new agreement,
Brunei accepted a British
Resident to advise the Sultan on
both external and internal affairs
except those relating to Islamic
Religion.
The Sultan received an annual
allowance of $12,000 while the
Pengiran Bendahara and
Pengiran Pemancha were given
$6,000 each.
• Brunei’s first British Resident was
Malcolm McArthur and was
appointed in 1906.
• Brunei then had a British
Resident until 1959.
• It remained a British Protectorate
until 1st January 1984 when
Brunei regained full
independence and sovereighty

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