 Skin

 Acidity (stomach, vaginal tract)

 Body fluids (tears, saliva, mucous)
 Normal flora (mouth/throat, colon, vaginal tract)
 White blood cells (not lymphocytes)
 Monocytic/phagocytic system (MPS)
 Fever
 Inflammatory response
 Reflexes (coughing/sneezing)
 Acute phase proteins (fibrinogen, haptoglobin, A-1-AT)
 Complement proteins
 Causes: any type of tissue damage
 Lesion: fluid, neutrophils, macrophages
 Possible outcomes:
- complete healing/regeneration of tissue
- scar tissue formation
- abscess formation
- no resolution…progression to chronic
inflammation
 Causes: unresolved acute inflammation, persistent microbial
infections (mycobacteria, syphilis, fungal), inert particles
(silicon, asbestos), autoimmune disease (RA, SLE, etc.)
 Lesion: less fluid, macrophages, lymphocytes
 Possible outcomes:
- complete healing or scar formation
- granuloma formation
- calcification
- ulceration
- abscess (septic or aseptic)
- necrosis
 IgG: secondary response

 IgM: primary response

 IgA: secretory mucous membrane Ig

 IgD: function unknown

 IgE: produced in response to allergens

 NK cells are lymphocytes that have no B or T
cell markers and are not thymus dependent.
 They are innate immune cells in that they do not
require antigen presentation in order to kill tumor
cells and viral infected cells.
 Like neutrophils and macrophages, they can
interact with antibody coated cells via Fc
receptors.
 Hypersensitivities

 Immune Deficiencies

 Autoimmune Disorders

 Transplant rejection
 Type I – Immediate Type

 Type II – Cytotoxic Type

 Type III – Immune Complex Type

 Type IV – Delayed Type

 Inherited/genetic:
- Primary IgA deficiency (1 in 700)
- SCID (very rare)

 Acquired:
- AIDS
 Molecular mimicry

 Exposure of sequestered antigens

 Activation of anergic T and/or B cells

 Thymic dysfunction

 B cell defects
 Host: the transplant recipient

 Graft: the donor tissue/organ

 Graft rejection: an immunological response

directed against the donor tissue (usually).
 Autograft: self tissue transferred from one body
site to another (e.g. skin graft).
 Isograft: tissue transfer between genetically
identical individuals (e.g. identical twins)
 Allograft: tissue transfer between genetically
different members of the same species.
 Xenograft: tissue transfer between different
species.
 Host versus graft rejection (HvG):

 Graft versus host rejection (GvH):

 Hyperacute: rejection is within minutes to hours
after transplant.

 Acute: rejection within 1-2 weeks after

transplant.

 Chronic: rejection which develops months or

years after transplant.