THE ISO - OSI MODEL

Established in 1947, the International Standards

Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects
of network communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced
in the late 1970s.

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 Layered Architecture
• Networks are organized as
layers or levels. OSI Protocols
• Reduces design complexity.
• Each network architecture has Application
Presentation
different:
Session
- number of layers
- names of layers Transport
- functions of each layer Network
• Between adjacent layers there Data
is an interface.
• Reference models exist to Physical
architect a network.

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 Protocols
• Rules and conventions used by two communicating
entities are collectively known as protocol.
• Each layer of network architecture has its own
protocol.
• Two communicating entities at the same layer are
called peers.
• A list of protocols used by a system is called
protocol stack.
• A set of layers and protocols is referred to as
network architecture.

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 THE THEORETICAL NETWORK - OSI MODEL

Peer communication between two computers

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 OSI Model Overview

Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session

Transport Layer

Network Layer
Data Flow
Layers
Data Link

Physical
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 Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES

User Interface
Telnet
Application
HTTP

• How data is presented ASCII

Presentation • Special processing EBCDIC
such as encryption JPEG
Keeping different Operating System/
Session applications’
Application Access
data separate
Scheduling
Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data Link

Physical
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 Role of Data Flow Layers
Application
Presentation
EXAMPLES
Session
• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP
Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link • Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA-232
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 Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
PDU
Upper Layer Data
Segment
Transport
TCP Header Upper Layer Data

Network Packet
IP Header Data

LLC Header Data FCS

Data Link Frame

MAC Header Data FCS

Physical Bits
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0101110101001000010NITW/ECE/LA 8
 De-encapsulating Data

Application
Presentation
Session
Upper Layer Data
Transport
Upper Layer Data
ea der
H
Network TCP
TCP+ Upper Layer Data
e a der
IP H
IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
r
Data Link
He ade
L LC
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
e a der
ACH
M
Physical
June 25, 2020 0101110101001000010
NITW/ECE/LA 9
 An exchange using the OSI model

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10
 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

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Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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 Physical layer

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Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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 Data link layer

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Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

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 Hop-to-hop delivery

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 Network layer

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 Source-to-destination delivery

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Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

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 Transport layer

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 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

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 Session layer

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Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

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 Presentation layer

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Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

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 Application layer

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 Summary of layers

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 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-
to-network, internet, transport, and application.
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say
that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers:
physical, data link, network, transport, and application.

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 TCP/IP Reference Model
OSI TCP/IP
APPLICATION APPLICATION
Not
PRESENTATION present
In the
SESSION
model
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT

NETWORK INTERNET

HOST-TO-NETWORK
DATA LINK
(Data Link/
PHYSICAL
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 TCP/IP and OSI model

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 Network Addressing
Addressing is used to ensure that Addressing
Schemes
messages between any two of
the machines are not received by
other users. Transport Layer

Network Layer
Addressing schemes exist at
multiple layers of the OSI Model. LLC Layer
A typical TCP/IP packet will MAC Layer
contain addresses that are
designed to be used at the MAC Physical Layer

Layer, the Network Layer and the

Transport Layer.

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 Transport Layer Addresses

Network Layer Addresses

MAC Layer Addresses

• The addresses are stored in specifically defined parts of the IP

packet and the LAN frame.
• The consistent position of addresses is a key factor that allows
software to interpret addressing information correctly. In other
words, if we put addresses in the wrong format, or in the wrong
place, our communication software will not work correctly.
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 Addresses in TCP/IP

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 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

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 Example
A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node
with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected
by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the
computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the
computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.

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Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

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 Example

Figure next shows a part of an internet with two routers

connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

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 IP addresses

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 Example

Figure shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

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 Port addresses

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Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

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A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one
decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.

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Note

The physical addresses change from hop to hop,

but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

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