PBPN - Lect - Topic1 - April Sem2019

TOPIC 1
PBPN_Topic1_April2019 1
Specific Learning Objectives
• Describe the structure, function & characteristics of the
biological membrane.
• Compare various modes of transport across the biological
membrane:
• Passive movement – simple & facilitated diffusion, osmosis,
filtration
• Active movement – primary & secondary active transport,
endocytosis, exocytosis
• Compare the transport mechanism mediated by channel &
carrier proteins.
• Describe the trans-epithelial transport of nutrients across the
enterocyte.
The cell membrane
The cell membrane is also known as the plasma

membrane / biological membrane.
The fluid mosaic model depicts the plasma membrane

as a Lipid bilayer.
The bilayer consists of lipid molecules (most abundant

being the phospholipids) with protein molecules
dispersed within.
What are phospholipids?
Phospholipids are compound lipids with one
or more phosphate residues.
Phospholipids have:
Polar head - phosphate portion (_________
hydrophilic
interacts with water)
hydrophobic
Non-polar tail - lipid portion (__________
avoids water)
Hydrophilic : love water

Hydrophobic : hate/fear water 5
PBPN_Topic1_April2019
Phospholipid bilayers
Since cells are constantly in water,
the phospholipids are arranged
Fluid in the cell
such that: cytoplasm, ICF
POLAR HEADS (hydrophilic group),

attracted to water, face the
water, while
NON-POLAR TAILS (hydrophobic Fluid external to the cell, ECF
group) avoid water and line up in The result is 2 parallel sheets of
the center of the membrane away phospholipid molecules lying
tail to tail, forming a bilayer.
from the water.
Other formations
The polar heads and non-polar tails cause phospholipids
to spontaneously form micelles, lipid bilayers or
liposomes.
H2O
Micelle Lipid bilayer

Hydrophobic chains Open bilayer,
gather at the core hydrophobic regions at
of the sphere, no its edges are in contact
water in the interior
Liposome
Lipid bilayer folds back on itself (closed with water
bilayer) enclosing an aqueous cavity
Structure of the cell membrane
The phospholipid bilayers contain fatty acids, proteins
(membrane proteins), carbohydrates (surface CHOs) and
cholesterol.
Fatty Acids:
The membrane may contain both saturated (SFA) and
unsaturated fatty acids (UFA).
The ratio of SFAs and UFAs affect the fluidity of the
membrane.
8
The SFAs and UFAs
SFAs – linear arrangement lead
to close packing of hydrocarbon
chains.
UFAs - The kinks in the structure
due to double bonds lead to
SFAs
loose packing of hydrocarbon
UFAs chains.
Membranes of internal organs contain higher % of saturated fat than
do the membranes of skin tissues.
Higher % of saturated fat keeps the membranes more solid at
internal body temperatures.
Membrane proteins
Although the lipid bilayer forms its basic structure,
proteins determine most of the membrane's specific
functions.
Embedded in cell membranes are

- integral proteins: firmly inserted in the bilayers
- peripheral proteins: appended to exposed parts of
integral proteins (on the surface of the membranes)
10
Components of the cell membrane
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID CHO PORTION OF
GLYCOPROTEIN
INTEGRAL PHOSPHOLIPIDS
PROTEINS
GLYCOLIPIDS CHOLESTEROL
NON POLAR
REGION
POLAR REGION
PERIPHERAL PROTEINS CYTOSOL

11
Some membrane proteins & their roles
Enzymes: participate in chemical reactions
Protein transporters: provide a hydrophilic passage
across the membrane that is selective for a particular
solute
Receptor sites: exposed portion of the membrane
protein may have a binding site with a specific shape
that complements the shape of a chemical messenger
such as hormones or certain substances
12
Surface carbohydrates
Antenna-like, protruding from the cell membrane are:
Glycoproteins - proteins with surface carbohydrates
Glycolipids - lipids with attached carbohydrates
• They modulate the properties of the membrane

e.g. solubility, viscosity, stability.
• Serve as receptor binding sites for virus/bacteria or signal for
receptor-mediated endocytosis.
• Help in inter-cellular communication and drive/inhibit intra-
cellular event.
13
Cholesterol
Cholesterol enhances the mechanical stability of the
membrane and regulates its fluidity.
• Positioned between two phospholipid molecules,

cholesterol immobilizes the first few hydrocarbon
groups making the membrane less deformable
• and decreases its permeability to small water-soluble

molecules.
14
Selective permeability Of cell
membranes
Hydrophobic molecules like hydrocarbons and oxygen,
can dissolve in the membrane and cross it with ease.
If two substrates are equally soluble, the smaller of the
two will cross the membrane faster.
The hydrophobic core of the membrane impedes the
transport of ions and polar molecules (which are
hydrophilic). LIPID BILAYERS ARE IMPERMEABLE TO
IONS.
Modes of transport across the cell
membrane
PASSIVE MOVEMENT ACTIVE MOVEMENT
• Simple diffusion • Active transport
• Facilitated • Vesicular transport
diffusion • Endocytosis
(Phagocytosis,
• Osmosis Pinocytosis,
• Filtration Receptor-mediated
endocytosis)
• Exocytosis
Passive movement High Concentration
Definition: when substrates move
down a concentration gradient
(i.e. from an area of higher
substrate concentration to an
area of lower substrate
Passive
concentration) without the use of movement
cellular energy (ATP). Low
Concentration ATP
No energy utilized
Concentration gradient : difference
in concentration
18
Passive movement example
A sugar cube placed in water slowly disappears as the

sugar molecules dissolve and diffuse from regions of high
sugar concentration to low sugar concentration.
Eventually the sugar molecules are evenly distributed in
water.
PM - Simple diffusion
A process in which substrates simply Erythrocyte
pass through the phospholipid bilayer
of the cell membrane, CO2
from areas of higher concentration of O2

the substrate
to areas of lower concentration of the
substrate Diffuses in
until the substrate is distributed Diffuses out

evenly (equilibrium is attained).
Respiring tissues
PM - Simple diffusion
Occurs mainly for small non-polar molecules such as
oxygen, carbon dioxide and ethanol(alcohol).
Oxygen in inhaled air passes by simple At the lungs
diffusion through the cells lining the air

sacs of the lungs into the blood stream O2
and is transported throughout the body. Diffuses in
Fat-soluble drugs can freely pass through

the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion. Cells lining the air
sac
What are the conditions for simple diffusion
1. The cell membrane is __________ to that substrate

and
2. A ________________exists such that the
substrate is at a higher concentration either outside or
inside the cell
PM - Osmosis
Osmosis is diffusion of WATER through a semi-permeable
membrane from areas of higher WATER concentration to
areas of lower WATER concentration.
The relative concentrations of water are determined by the

amount of solute dissolved in the water on either side of the
membrane.
low solute concentration = high water concentration
high solute concentration = low water concentration
Semi-permeable
PM - Osmosis membrane
NaCl solution, NaCl solution,

dilute concentrated
Solute Solute
concentration concentration
Water Water
concentration concentration
WATER
Dilute Concentrated 24
PM - Osmosis
Water flows in response to differences in WATER
concentration (molarity) across a membrane.
The size of the solute particles does not influence
osmosis.
Equilibrium is reached once sufficient water has moved
to equalize the solute concentration on both sides of the
membrane.
Terminology
Osmolarity = number or concentration of osmotically active
particles in solution. Measured in osmoles/litre solution.
Osmolality = number or concentration of osmotically active particles/kg water.
Measured in osmoles/kg.
Isosmotic, hyposmotic, hyperosmotic: these terms refer to the osmolar
concentration of the ECF
Tonicity relates the effect of concentration of a solution to the

volume of a cell
Isotonic = does not cause a change in the volume of a cell
Hypotonic = causes a cell to swell
Hypertonic = causes a cell to shrink
The effect of osmosis on RBCs
100 mOs 200 mOs ~300 mOs 400 mOs 500 mOs
blood serum
____TONIC ___TONIC _____TONIC
RBCs are swollen, No change in the Water has flown out
many have ruptured biconcave structure of of the RBCs , causing
(burst) leaving what the RBCs. them to collapse
are called RBC ghosts. (shrink) and assume a
spiky appearance.
How is water transported across the cell
membrane?
Water molecules are small enough and have great
kinetic energy to move rapidly across membranes in a
continuous stream.
Water pass readily through the cell membrane because

of certain trans-membrane channels (channel proteins)
called aquaporins (AQPs).
The process by which water passes

through the cell membrane:_______
PM - Filtration
A process by which water and solutes are forced through
a membrane by gravity, fluid or hydrostatic pressure.
A ____________ gradient pushes the fluid containing

solutes (filtrate) from a higher pressure area
to a lower pressure area.
High Low
Pressure Pressure
Filtration examples
Blood pressure forces water and

dissolved particles out through the highly
permeable walls of small blood vessels
(capillaries) into kidney tubules.
The filtrate is further processed to form
Bowman’s capsule
urine.
tubule
glomerulus
How do ions and polar molecules cross the
cell membrane?
Lipid bilayers are impermeable to ions.
Movement of ions and polar molecules require the help
of membrane proteins (protein transporters).
Protein transporters act like special passages, providing
a way for substrates that are not soluble in lipids to
pass through.
Two categories of transporters : carrier proteins and
channel proteins
Movement of ions and polar molecules
Protein Transporters
Channel proteins Carrier proteins
• High stereo-specificity
• Less stereo-specificity
• Saturable
• Usually not saturable
• Transport rate well below limits of
• Transport rate can approach limits free/unhindered diffusion
of free/unhindered diffusion • If move substrates down
• Move substrates down concentration gradient = facilitated
concentration gradient = facilitated diffusion
diffusion • If move substrates against
concentration gradient = active
transport
Stereo-specificity
High stereo-specificity means the receptor contains a
region that is the ________ size and shape to match the
structure of a specific substrate.
Molecule
(glucose)
Carrier protein
(for glucose) Ion
(sodium)
Channel protein (for sodium)
Channel Proteins - mechanism of
movement
Channel proteins are integral proteins with pores that
allow passage of water and hydrophilic solutes through
the cell membrane.
Some are open while others are ‘gated’ - opened or
closed in response to different stimuli (chemical,
electrical potential, physical – stretch, pressure) via
conformational changes.
Movement of ions via ion channels
Ions cannot be readily transported across the membranes
due to their charges.
Ion channels are hydrophilic pores which selected ions can
diffuse through: K+ channels, Na+ channels, Ca2+ channels, Cl-
channels
They are ‘gated’ – open/close in response to some cellular

event.
In neurons, very rapid changes in the activity of the ion channels →
cause changes in the membrane potential → carry signals from one
end of the neuron to the other (i.e. effective for very fast
transmission in the nervous system)
Ions
Closed ion channel Open ion channel

With carrier proteins there is never an open channel all the way through the
membrane; thus carrier proteins transport only one or a few solute molecules per
conformational cycle, but a single channel opening event provides a continuous
pathway through the bilayer, allowing a flux of many thousands of ions.
Toxins can act on these ion channels
• tetrodotoxin (puffer fish/fugu): Na+ channel
• saxitoxin (algae, red tide): Na+ channel
• dendrotoxin (black mamba snake): K+ channel
blocking signals from the nerve to muscles, causing muscle paralysis.
Na+ channels found on plasma membrane of For info

o nly
neurons, myocytes of heart and skeletal
muscles
Carrier Proteins - mechanism of movement
Proteins that act as carriers are integral proteins.
Spanning the membrane, they move substrates across
relying on conformational changes.
When a carrier protein transports

• a single substrate across the membrane: uniport
• two substrates across the membrane:
cotransport (symport or antiport)
Carrier Proteins - mechanism of movement
Symport – 2 substrates are transported in the same direction
through the membrane
Substrate 1
Substrate 2
Antiport – 2 substrates are transported in opposite directions

through the membrane
Substrate 1
Substrate 2
39
Different mechanisms of carrier protein-mediated
transport
Substrate
Carrier
protein
Cell
membrane
____PORT ____PORT ____PORT
COTRANSPORT
Facilitated Diffusion
A process of diffusion that is facilitated (helped) by
membrane proteins (carrier proteins or channel
proteins).
Carrier proteins ___________ bind with substrates,
allowing them to pass through the cell membranes
•substrates move down a concentration gradient
•cellular energy not required (no ATP)
= ________ movement
Facilitated diffusion example:
1.The Glucose Transporter (GluT) - A Uniport
Carrier
GluTs have glucose binding sites.
The movement of glucose into erythrocyte is facilitated by GluT1.
GluT1 allows glucose to enter the erythrocyte about 50,000 times
faster.
The low intracellular concentration of glucose makes facilitated
diffusion possible.
Rapid transport down the concentration gradient

into the cell, specific, saturable
42
Facilitated diffusion example:
2.The Erythrocyte Chloride-Bicarbonate Exchanger -
An Antiport Carrier
This carrier protein facilitates the reciprocal transport of chloride
and bicarbonate ions across the erythrocyte membrane.
It increases the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to
bicarbonate (HCO3-) more than a million fold.
The ratio of exchange is 1:1
Also called the erythrocyte anion exchange protein
The Erythrocyte Chloride-Bicarbonate
Exchanger
Erythrocyte chloride-
bicarbonate exchanger
4. HCO3-
3. Carbonic
anhydrase
transported out
HCO3-
CO2
+ H 2O
+ H+ Cl- 5. Cl- transported
in
2. Diffuses in, simple
diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
CO2
Erythrocyte
Electro-neutrality maintained
1. Respiring tissues
44
The Erythrocyte Chloride-Bicarbonate
Exchanger
Erythrocyte Erythrocyte
3 Carbonic
anhydrase 8 Carbonic
anhydrase
CO2 + H O HCO3- CO2
2 HCO 3
-
+ H+
+ H+ 4 + H2O
9
Cl-
2 CO2
6 7
5 Cl-
CO2
HCO3-
1 Respiring tissues Lungs
45
Transport of polar and non-polar ions and
molecules
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Large lipid Small lipid

insoluble soluble
molecules molecules
Channel Carrier
Small lipid
insoluble protein protein
molecules
46
PBPN_Topic1_April2019 CYTOSOL
Active movement
High Concentration
Definition: when substrates
move against a concentration
gradient (i.e. from an area of
lower substrate concentration
to an area of higher substrate
concentration) with the help Active
of a ___________ and use of movement
Low
cellular energy (ATP). Concentration ATP ATP
Energy utilized
An Uphill task
Active movement - types
1. ACTIVE TRANSPORT - Primary
- Secondary
Vesicular transport:
2. ENDOCYTOSIS
a. pinocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME)
3. EXOCYTOSIS
49
Mechanism of active transport
A molecule of substrate outside the cell binds with a carrier
protein, forming a molecule-carrier protein complex.
The complex moves through the cell membrane and then
the molecule is released inside the cell.
The carrier protein returns to its original conformation and
repeats the process with another molecule of substrate.
_____ supplies the energy to move substrates across the
membrane against a concentration gradient.
Primary active transport example:
1.The Na+/K+ ATPase - An Antiport Carrier
The Na+/K+ ATPase transports 2 K+ into the cell for every 3

Na+ transported out of the cell at the same time, with the
use of ATP.
Also known as the sodium-potassium pump.
Found in virtually every cell - important for maintaining electrically

charged muscle or nerve cells (nerve impulses and muscle contraction)
Functioning of Na+/K+ ATPase
out
PHOSPHORYLATION of the
carrier protein  EXTRA-CELLULAR
Na + 
ADP Na +
 ATP Na + Na + Na +
Na+ P
Na+ Na +
Na+
K+ in
K+ 
INTRA- P
CELLULAR
P

K+ K+
Affinity of the carrier
P protein is altered through
K+
K+
phosphorylation.
DEPHOSPHORYLATION of
the carrier protein

Functioning of Na+/K+ ATPase
 3 Na+ from the ICF bind to the Na+ binding site of the carrier
protein.
 Phosphorylation of the carrier protein takes place. ATP drives the

process.
 The carrier protein undergoes conformational change and Na+ is

released outside to the ECF.
 Then 2 K+ from the ECF bind to the K+ binding site of the carrier
protein
 Dephosphorylation of the carrier protein takes place.
 The carrier protein returns to its original conformation and K+ is
released into the cell.
53
Na+/K+ ATPase
ECF In virtually every animal cell,
Na+ the concentration of Na+ is
Na+ lower in the ICF and the
Na+ concentration of K+ lower in
the ECF.
This antiport system pumps
Na+ and K+ ________ their
ATP ADP + Pi
concentration gradients.
ATP provides energy for the
transport of these ions.
K+ K+
CYTOSOL
54
Primary active transport example:
2.The H+/K+ ATPase - An Antiport Carrier
The parietal cells of the stomach use this pump to secrete gastric
juice. Huge amounts of energy are utilized for this process.
Concentration of protons about

Concentration of 0.15 M in the gastric juice (3
protons about 4 x 10-8 M million fold increase), giving it a pH
within the parietal cell close to 1
Functioning of H+/K+ ATPase
BLOOD PARIETAL CELL STOMACH LUMEN
1
CO2 CO2 + H20
Carbonic
2
anhydrase
HCO3- + H+
6 3
Cl- ATP 4
Cl -
H+
5 K+
7
Cl-
H+/K+ ATPase (proton pump) Antacids like omeprazole, are

proton pump inhibitors
Chloride bicarbonate exchanger
Secondary or indirect active transport
Secondary active transport is a coupled active transport in
which the energy needed to transport a substrate is
derived indirectly from the transport of other substrates
(ATP not involved directly).
Example: Na+/glucose transporter - a symport carrier
It actively transports glucose and sodium ions out of the

intestine and also out of the kidney tubules into the
blood. The energy required comes from the functioning
of the Na+/K+ ATPase.
INTESTINAL
Secondary Active Transport
Na+ Na + Na+ Na+
LUMEN
Low glucose Na+ Na+ High Na+

concentration
concentration glucose
2 Na+/glucose transporter
Low Na+ concentration

High glucose
K+ K+
concentration
EPITHELIAL
Na+
CELL
ATP ADP + Pi
3 GluT 1 Na+/K+ ATPase
Na+
BLOOD
Low glucose
concentration High Na+ Na + K+
concentration Na+ K+ 58
Functioning of the Na+/glucose transporter
1. Primary active transport of Na+ via the Na+/K+ ATPase establishes a

Na+ gradient (i.e. low Na+ concentration in the cell, high Na+ concentration in
the lumen)
2. This is relieved by the inflow of Na+ from the intestinal lumen; at

the same time, glucose is transported into the cell against its
concentration gradient.
One Na+ and one molecule of glucose move in together through
the Na+/glucose transporter (a symport pump)
Functioning of the Na+/glucose transporter
(cont)
3. Glucose concentration in the epithelial cell is high. It moves
down the concentration gradient into the blood via GluT
(_________ _________).
Different transport mechanisms work together:

•Na+/K+ ATPase – primary active transport / antiport carrier
•Na+/glucose transporter – secondary active transport /
symport carrier
•GluT – facilitated diffusion / uniport carrier
INTESTINAL
Secondary Active Transport
Na+ Na + Na+ Na+
LUMEN
Na+ Na+ High Na+ amino

concentration acids
Na+/amino acid transporter
Low Na+ concentration

K+ K+
EPITHELIAL
Na+
CELL
ATP ADP + Pi
Na+/K+ ATPase
The absorption of amino acids Na+

BLOOD
from the intestinal lumen occurs in

High Na + Na + K+
a similar manner PBPN_Topic1_April2019 Na+
concentration K+ 61
Vesicular transport
In vesicular transport, the plasma membrane
forms ________ that enclose large molecules,
to
draw them into the cytoplasm (endocytosis)
or
release them (exocytosis)
Pinocytosis – mechanism of action
 Tiny droplets of fluids adhere to the
Outside the cell plasma membrane
As the contents are

The membrane folds
transferred to the to form a pinocytic
cytoplasm, the  vesicle surrounding
vesicle becomes the fluid
smaller and finally
disappears

The vesicle pinches off
 from the membrane,
moves inside the cell
All cells can perform pinocytosis - e.g. kidney cells
use pinocytosis to regulate their fluid environment.
Phagocytosis – mechanism of action
A macrophage engulfing a RBC Lysosome fuses
 with phagosome


RBCs The membrane folds to
engulf the RBC which is
then contained in a RBC digested
phagosome
Outside the cell
Cells (phagocytes) ingest Products of digestion

large solid particles such released
as bacteria via
phagocytosis.
amino acids bilirubin
iron
Recycled and reused to
Excreted in bile
form new RBCs
65
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Extra-cellular molecules bind with specific
receptors on the cell membrane Extracellular
 fluid
Plasma
membrane
Z K Z Z
Z K
The receptors are
recycled back to the
Upon binding the plasma
membrane folds to form a membrane
Y
Lysosome fuses
Receptors coated pit with the
Y  endosome and
Y Y YY  digests the
Y molecules
 Y
The coated pit pinches off to Y
become a coated vesicle
The vesicle loses its coat and fuses to
 a bigger vesicle called an endosome
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a _________ process. Substances
taken up by this process:
• hormone insulin
• LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins)
• transferrin (iron)
In an inherited disease called familial hypercholesterolemia, receptors for LDL

are defective/negative. Cholesterol which cannot enter the body cells
accumulate in the blood  atherosclerosis
LDL particles (containing cholesterol) bind ECF
 with LDL receptors on the cell membrane Plasma membrane
Z K Z Z
Z K The LDL receptors are
 recycled back to the
Upon binding the plasma membrane
membrane folds to form a
Y
Receptors coated pit Lysosome fuses

Y  with the
Y Y YY endosome and
Y digests the LDL
particles,
releasing
 cholesterol
The coated pit pinches off to
Y Y
become a coated vesicle
The vesicle loses its coat and fuses to
a bigger vesicle called an endosome
Exocytosis – the reverse of endocytosis
Cells use this transport mechanism to release substances

from the cell interior into the extra-cellular space.
These substances include secretions useful to the rest of
the body like antibodies or enzymes, or waste products.
Exocytosis is very important for cells to release substances
in ______ quantities: e.g. hormones, mucus,
neurotransmitters
Exocytosis – mechanism of action
Examples: 1. Human plasma cells manufacture antibody
molecules and then secrete them into the blood using
exocytosis. Cytoplasm
2. Pancreatic enzymes are released from the cells by
exocytosis.
The vesicle moves to, and fuses
with, the plasma membrane
ECF 
 
Substances to be released are
The content of the first enclosed in a vesicle
vesicle is released
70
Nutrient absorption
The stomach lining is a poor absorptive
surface as it lacks villi.
Only a few highly lipid-soluble substances, (alcohol and
some drugs like aspirin) can be absorbed in small
quantities.
Major absorptive site: The intestinal

mucosa (duodenum and upper jejunum) -
VILLI increase the absorptive surface area
by 10 fold, while MICROVILLI further
increase it by 20 fold
Absorption and transport of macronutrients
(overview - 1):
Carbohydrates
Glucose Na+ dependent indirect active

Galactose transport Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion, ?
Fructose active transport
Proteins
Na+ dependent indirect
Amino acids
active transport
33% (overlapping Na+ dependent
specificity) Na+ independent active indirect active
transport transport
Na+ dependent indirect active Na+ independent
Di-/tripeptides 67%
transport, some carriers transport
associated with H+
EPITHELIAL CELL BLOOD 73
INTESTINAL LUMEN
Absorption and transport of macronutrients
(overview - 2):
Lipids
Transported bound to
MCFA albumin, to the portal
Simple diffusion vein
2-monoglycerides
glycerol
Micelles
LCFA
Facilitated diffusion
cholesterol
Absorption of nutrients
occurs by active and passive Exocytosis to lacteals
movement. Only after (part of the lymphatic
absorption into the intestinal system)
mucosa it is considered to be Packaged as the
in the body. lipoprotein, chylomicron
74
INTESTINAL LUMEN EPITHELIAL CELL BLOOD
Absorption of micronutrients (overview):
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Vit A, D, E, K Passive diffusion
Water-soluble Vitamins
Vit C Na+ dependent active transport & facilitated diffusion
Vit B1 (thiamine) At low concentrations - active transport;

At high concentration - passive diffusion
Vit B6 (pyridoxine) Passive diffusion
Vit B12 (cobalamin) Receptor-mediated uptake (IF-B12 complex)
Minerals
Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Fe2+
Active transport
EPITHELIAL CELL 75
INTESTINAL LUMEN
Additional learning resources - Videos:
1. Active, Passive & Bulk Cell Transport
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGeSDI03aaw
In this short video the term ‘bulk transport’ is used for vesicular transport
2. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Production in the Stomach

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-X1lB_s2gc
3. Glucose Transporters (part 1)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcRz5mO8Vcc
This video gives a lot of details on GluTs and SGLTs, which we will cover in the
upcoming topics
76

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TOPIC 1

The cell membrane is also known as the plasma

The fluid mosaic model depicts the plasma membrane

The bilayer consists of lipid molecules (most abundant

Hydrophilic : love water

POLAR HEADS (hydrophilic group),

Micelle Lipid bilayer

Embedded in cell membranes are

PERIPHERAL PROTEINS CYTOSOL

• They modulate the properties of the membrane

• Positioned between two phospholipid molecules,

• and decreases its permeability to small water-soluble

A sugar cube placed in water slowly disappears as the

from areas of higher concentration of O2

until the substrate is distributed Diffuses out

Oxygen in inhaled air passes by simple At the lungs

diffusion through the cells lining the air

Fat-soluble drugs can freely pass through

1. The cell membrane is __________ to that substrate

The relative concentrations of water are determined by the

NaCl solution, NaCl solution,

Tonicity relates the effect of concentration of a solution to the

Water pass readily through the cell membrane because

The process by which water passes

A ____________ gradient pushes the fluid containing

Blood pressure forces water and

They are ‘gated’ – open/close in response to some cellular

Closed ion channel Open ion channel

Na+ channels found on plasma membrane of For info

When a carrier protein transports

Antiport – 2 substrates are transported in opposite directions

____PORT ____PORT ____PORT

Rapid transport down the concentration gradient

Large lipid Small lipid

The Na+/K+ ATPase transports 2 K+ into the cell for every 3

Also known as the sodium-potassium pump.

Found in virtually every cell - important for maintaining electrically

 Phosphorylation of the carrier protein takes place. ATP drives the

 The carrier protein undergoes conformational change and Na+ is

Concentration of protons about

BLOOD PARIETAL CELL STOMACH LUMEN

H+/K+ ATPase (proton pump) Antacids like omeprazole, are

It actively transports glucose and sodium ions out of the

Low glucose Na+ Na+ High Na+

Low Na+ concentration

1. Primary active transport of Na+ via the Na+/K+ ATPase establishes a

2. This is relieved by the inflow of Na+ from the intestinal lumen; at

Different transport mechanisms work together:

Na+ Na+ High Na+ amino

Low Na+ concentration

The absorption of amino acids Na+

from the intestinal lumen occurs in

As the contents are

Cells (phagocytes) ingest Products of digestion

In an inherited disease called familial hypercholesterolemia, receptors for LDL

Receptors coated pit Lysosome fuses

Cells use this transport mechanism to release substances

Major absorptive site: The intestinal

Glucose Na+ dependent indirect active

Vit A, D, E, K Passive diffusion

Vit C Na+ dependent active transport & facilitated diffusion

Vit B1 (thiamine) At low concentrations - active transport;

Vit B12 (cobalamin) Receptor-mediated uptake (IF-B12 complex)

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