Introduction of

Computational Fluid Dynamics

by

Wangda Zuo
M.Sc. –Student of Computational Engineering

Lehrstuhl für Strömungsmechanik

FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg
Cauerstr. 4, D-91058 Erlangen

JASS 2005, St. Petersburg

1 Title of Presentation
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
2 Contents
 Fluid
Problem Comparison&
Fluid Mechanics Analysis

Simulation Results
Physics of Fluid
C
Mathematics Computer
F
Navier-Stokes Equations

Numerical
D Computer Program
Programming
Methods Geometry Language
Discretized Form Grids

3 What is CFD?
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
4 Contents
 Simulation(CFD) Experiment
Cost Cheap Expensive

Time Short Long

Scale Any Small/Middle

Information All Measured Points

Repeatable All Some

Security Safe Some Dangerous

5 Why use CFD?

 Aerospace

• Aerospace
• Automotive
Biomedicine
• Biomedical
• Chemical
Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Power Generation
• Sports
• Marine
Automotive Temperature and natural
convection currents in the eye
following laser heating.

6 Where use CFD?

 Chemical Processing
• Aerospacee
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC(Heat Ventilation reactor vessel - prediction of flow
Air Condition) separation and residence time effects.

• Hydraulics Hydraulics
• Power Generation
• Sports
• Marine

HVAC
Streamlines for workstation
ventilation

7 Where use CFD?

 Sports Power Generation
• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Biomedical
• Chemical Processing
• HVAC
• Hydraulics
• Power Generation Flow around cooling towers
• Sports
Marine
• Marine

8 Where use CFD?

 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
9 Contents
 Fluid = Liquid + Gas
 Density ρ
const incompressible
 
variable compressible

Viscosity μ:
resistance to flow of a fluid
 Ns 
   3   ( Poise)
m 
Substance Air(18ºC) Water(20ºC) Honey(20ºC)
Density(kg/m3) 1.275 1000 1446
Viscosity(P) 1.82e-4 1.002e-2 190

10 Physics of Fluid
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
11 Contents
 m in m out
in M out

dM
 m in  m out
dt

m in  m out
Mass
dM Momentum
0
dt Energy

12 Conservation Law
 Mass ConservationContinuity Equation
D U i
 0 Compressible
Dt xi
D
  const , 0
Dt

U i
0 Incompressible
xi

13 Navier-Stokes Equation I
 Momentum ConservationMomentum Equation
U j U j P  ij
  U i    g j
  t xi
   
x j

x
 i

V
I II III IV

 U j U i  2
 ij         ij  U k
I : Local change with time  x x j  3 xk
 i
II : Momentum convection
III: Surface force
IV: Molecular-dependent momentum exchange(diffusion)
V: Mass force

14 Navier-Stokes Equation II
Momentum Equation for Incompressible Fluid
 ij  U j U i  2
 
      ij   U k
xi xi  x x j  3 xi xk
 i 
U i
0
xi
 ij  2U j  U i  2U j
    
xi xi2 x j xi xi2

U j P U j  2U j
  U i    g j
t xi x j xi
2

15 Navier-Stokes Equation III

 Energy ConservationEnergy Equation
T T U i  2T U j
c  cU i  P   2   ij
   t    xi xi

xi
   
xi
I II III IV V

I : Local energy change with time

II: Convective term
III: Pressure work
IV: Heat flux(diffusion)
V: Irreversible transfer of mechanical energy into heat

16 Navier-Stokes Equation IV
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
17 Contents
 Discretization
Analytical Equations Discretized Equations

 Discretization Methods
 Finite Difference
Straightforward to apply, simple, sturctured grids
 Finite Element
Any geometries
 Finite Volume
Conservation, any geometries

18 Discretization
General Form of Navier-Stokes Equation

       
  U i      q    1, U j , T 
t xi  xi 
Local change with time Flux Source

Integrate over the 

Control Volume(CV) V xi dV  S   ni dS

Integral Form of Navier-Stokes Equation

      
V t dV  S  U i    xi   ni dS  V q dV
Local change Flux Over Source in CV
with time in CV the CV Surface

19 Finite Volume I
Conservation of Finite Volume Method
      
V t dV  S  U i    xi   ni dS  V q dV


A B

A B

20 Finite Volume II
 UP UE
Approximation of Volume Integrals

m    dV   pV ; mu   i ui dV   P u PV
Vi Vi

Approximation of Surface Integrals ( Midpoint Rule)

 P dV   P dS   Pk S k k  n, s, e, w
Ue Vi Si
k

Interpolation
 
U if (U  n ) e  0
Upwind U   P
e   
U E if (U  n ) e  0

xe  xP
Central U e  U E e  U P (1  e ) e 
xE  xP

21 Finite Volume III

One Control Volume
aPu P  aN u N  aS uS  aW uW  aE uE  0
Whole Domain
 a11 a12 a1l   u1  0 
a a22 a23 a2,l 1   u  0 
 21   2   
 . . . .   .  .
     
 . . . .   .  .
 ak 1 . . . al 1,n1   .  .
    
 ak 1,2 . . . al ,n   .  .
 . . . .   .  .
     
 . . . .   .  .
 an 1,n k 1 an1,n 2 an 1,n1 an1,n  u   0 
   n 1   
 an , n  k an ,n 1 ann   un  0 

Discretization of
22
Continuity Equation
 FV Discretization of Incompressible N-S Equation

Muh  0
duh
  C (uh )uh  Duh  Mqh  0
dt
Unsteady Convection Diffusion Source

 Time Discretization

duhn 1  f (uh )
n
Explicit

dt  f (uhn , uhn 1 ) Implicit

Discretization of
23
Navier-Stokes Equation
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
24 Contents
 Structured Grid
+ all nodes have the same number of
elements around it
– only for simple domains
 Unstructured Grid
+ for all geometries
– irregular data structure

 Block Structured Grid

25 Grids
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
26 Contents
 Typical Boundary Conditions
No-slip(Wall), Axisymmetric, Inlet, Outlet, Periodic

No-slip walls: u=0,v=0

Inlet ,u=c,v=0 Outlet, du/dx=0

dv/dy=0,dp/dx=0
r
v=0, dp/dr=0,du/dr=0
o x
Periodic boundary condition in
Axisymmetric
spanwise direction of an airfoil

27 Boundary Conditions
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step
28 Contents
 Solvers
 Direct: Cramer’s rule, Gauss elimination, LU decomposition
 Iterative: Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, SOR method

 Numerical Parameters
 Under relaxation factor, convergence limit, etc.
 Multigrid, Parallelization
 Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
 Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for
unsteady flow
 Single/double precisions

Solver and Numerical

29
Parameters
 What is Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)?
 Why and where use CFD?
 Physics of Fluid
 Navier-Stokes Equation
 Numerical Discretization
 Grids
 Boundary Conditions
 Numerical Staff
 Case Study: Backward-Facing Step

30 Contents
 Backward-Facing Step

Wall

Wall

31 Case Study
 Thank you for your attention!

32