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Single cell Solar Power
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Solar Energy
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A major drawback of most renewable energy
sources is the high cost. To spur a huge rise in
use, prices must come down and efficiencies
must go up (better technology)
Typical efficiencies
for commercial
applications:
15% - 25%
http://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/solar/tapping-the-power-
of-100-suns
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Factors Affecting Efficiency
• Sunlight consists of a spectrum of
wavelengths – semiconductor materials
cannot respond to the full spectrum
• As much as 30% of light is reflected from the
surface of the cell (only absorbed light can
produce electricity)
• Impurities can cause the charge to
“recombine” and therefore not generate
electricity
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Other Factors Affecting Efficiency
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Atoms
An atom is composed of 3 particles:
Protons - carrying positive charge
Neutrons - charge neutral
Electrons - carrying negative charge
• Nucleus consists of Protons and
neutrons and electrons orbit
around the nucleus
• The number of protons and
electrons are the same, therefore
an atom, as a whole, is electrical
charge neutral.
• Different materials have different
number of particles in their atoms.
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Atoms
Each atom has a specific number of electrons,
protons and neutrons. But no matter how many
particles an atom has, the number of electrons
usually needs to be the same as the number of
protons. If the numbers are the same, the atom is
called balanced, and it is very stable.
Insulators
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Conductors & Insulators
Conductors
Other materials have some loosely held electrons,
which move through them very easily. These are called
conductors.
Most metals – like copper, aluminum or steel – are
good conductors.
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Electric Current
• Electric current is the flow of positive
charge. 1 Amp = 1 Coulomb per second.
• Electric current is an effect of the flow of
Bubble
free electrons which carries negative
Flow
charge. (6.28 x 1018 electrons = -1
(current
Coulomb).
flow)
• Positive charge flow (current) and negative
charge flow (electron flow) are the same in
magnitude but in the opposite direction.
• By convention, current flow is used in Water flow
analyzing circuits. Electron flow is used (electron flow)
ONLY for describing the physical behavior
of electric conduction of materials.
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Silicon atom has 14 electrons and 14 protons.
e- e-
e-
e- e- e- 14+ 14- 14+ 14- 14+ 14-
e-e-
N14+ e-
e- 14+ 14- 14+ 14-- 14+ 14-
e- - e- ee- - e-
e -
e- e- -e
e - e- 14+ 14- 14+ 14- 14+ 14-
e
e-
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Octet structure
(Only outer orbit electrons are shown)
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When sunlight strikes a piece of Silicon, however, the solar
energy knocks and frees electrons from their atom structure
(the octets structure)
Heat or light
e- e-
e-
e- e- e- 14+ 14- 14+ 14- 14+ 14-
e-e-
N14+ e-
e- 14+ 14- 14+ 13- 14+ 14-
e- 1-
e- - e- ee- -
e -
e- e- -e
e - e- 14+ 14- 14+ 14- 14+ 14-
e
e-
Freed electron
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For simplicity, we only show the charge of free electrons
(-1) and the corresponding positive charges (14-13= +1) at the
nucleus.
Heat or light
Freed electron
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Loosely bonded electron Hole
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• Although there are free electrons and holes in N-type and P-type
materials, they are charge neutral.
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Interesting things happen when you put an N-type material in
contact with a P-type material.
Before making the contact:
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P-type boundary N-type
(Negatively charged!) layer (Positively charged!)
In the boundary layer, the free electrons in the N-type materials
combine with the holes in the P-type. Consequently, the P-type
side of the boundary layer is negatively charged and N-type side
is positively charged.
P-type N-type
(Negatively charged) (Positively charged)
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If a load is connected across the cell, electric current is formed
and the energy is transmitted to the load.
sunlight Pn junction
P-type N-type
pnjunction
Pn junction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLGOagKiXqg 27
Summary
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Clicker Question
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Photovoltaic Cell
• Charge Controller
1. Match the panel voltage
and battery voltage
2. Extract maximum power
from the panel
3. Prevent over-charge
• Inverter - convert DC to
50/60Hz AC for compatibility
with the power line voltage.
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