Managers As

Leaders

Presented by: Zunaira Tauqeer

(BBA-3)
Who Are Leaders and What Is
Leadership
• Leader – Someone who can influence others and who
has managerial authority.
• Leadership –the process of influencing a group to
achieve goals
• Ideally, all managers should be leaders
Early Leadership Theories

Trait Theories (1920s -1930s)

• Research focused on identifying characteristics that
differentiated leaders from nonleaders.
• Later research on the leadership process identified
eight traits associated with successful leadership.
 Eight Traits Associated with
Leadership
1) Drive; leader has high level of effort and desire for
achievement. They are ambitious and show initiative.
2) Desire to lead; leader have strong desire to control and
lead other.
3) Honesty and integrity; leader build trusting relationship
with followers and they are consistent between words
and deeds.
4) Self-confidence; leaders shall be self-confident in order
to convince followers.
5) Intelligence; leaders shall be intelligent so they can
solve problems and make correct decisions.
6) Job relevant knowledge; leaders shall have high degree
of knowledge about company and technical matters.
7) Extraversion; leader shall be energetic and social
8) Proneness to guilt; leader must have ability to suffer
from any situation and have a strong sense of responsibility
for others.
 Behavioral Theories

University of Iowa Studies (Kurt Lewis)

• Identified three leadership styles:
– Autocratic style: individual control over all decision, one
side decision and little participation.
– Democratic style: involves employee in decision making
and high participation, plus feedback.
– Laissez faire style: group make decision, little guidance
and complete freedom to make decision.
• Research findings: mixed results Employees were more
satisfied under a democratic leader than an autocratic
leader.
 Ohio State Studies
• Identified two dimensions of leader behavior:
– Initiating structure: the role of the leader in defining
his or her role and the roles of group members.
– Consideration: the leader’s mutual trust and respect for
group members’ ideas and feelings.
• Research findings:
– High-high leaders generally, but not always, achieved
high group task performance and satisfaction.
 University of Michigan Studies
• Identified two dimensions of leader behavior:
– Employee oriented: emphasizing personal relationships
and taking care of employee needs.
– Production oriented: emphasizing task accomplishment
• Research findings:
• – Leaders who are employee oriented are strongly
associated with high group productivity and high job
satisfaction.
 Managerial Grid

Evaluates leadership styles using two dimensions:

• Concern for people: vertical part of grid.
• Concern for production: the horizontal part of grid.
Although the grid have 81 potential categories into which a
leaders behavioral style might fall but only five styles were
named;
• Impoverished management
• Task management
• Middle-of-the-road management
• Country club management
• Team management