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Light- Vivek Sawhney,

Reflection and PGT Physics,
Refraction KV Jalgaon
Class 10
Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Reflection of Light

– When light falls on a highly polished surface like

a mirror most of the light is sent back into the
same medium. This process is called reflection
of light.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Regular and Diffuse Reflection

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Laws of Reflection of Light

– i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

– The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the mirror at the
point of incidence all lie in the same plane.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Real and Virtual Images

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Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Image formed by Plane Mirror

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Characteristics of image formed by
plane mirror
– Plane mirror forms an erect image.
– It forms a virtual image.
– Size of the image is same as that of the object.
– Image is formed at the same distance behind the
mirror as the object stands in front of it.
– Image formed is a laterally inverted image i.e., right
hand side of the object seems to be the left hand side
and vice-versa.
Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Spherical Mirrors

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Concave and Convex Spherical
Mirror

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Basic Terms

– Center of CurvatureThe point in the centre of the mirror that passes

through the curve of the mirror and has the same tangent and
curvature at that point.
– Radius of CurvatureIt’s the linear distance between Pole and the
Center of curvature.
– Principal axisThe imaginary line passing through the optical center
and the center of curvature of any lens or a spherical mirror.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

– PoleThe midpoint of the spherical mirror.
– Aperture An aperture of a mirror or lens is a point from which the
reflection of light actually happens. It also gives the size of the
mirror.
– Principal Focus Principal Focus can also be called Focal Point. It’s
on the axis of a mirror or lens wherein rays of light parallel to the
axis converge or appear to converge after reflection or refraction.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Rules for Drawing Ray Diagrams

– Rule 1: incident ray passing through principal focus, after

reflection get parallel to principal axis

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

– Rule 2: the incident ray travelling parallel to principal axis, after
reflection passed through principal focus.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

– Rule 3: the incident ray passing through centre of curvature is
reflected back along the same path.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

– Rule 4: the ray incident obliquely on a mirror surface, get
reflected obliquely as per the laws of reflection.
–

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Ray Diagrams- Concave Mirrors

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Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Ray Diagrams– Convex Mirrors

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Sign Conventions

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Mirror Formula

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Uses of Concave Mirrors

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Uses of Concave Mirrors

– Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and

vehicles headlights to get powerful parallel beams of light.

– They are often used as shaving mirrors to see a larger image of the face.

– The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth of
patients.
– 
– Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in
solar furnaces.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Uses of Convex Mirrors

– Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing)

mirrors in vehicles. These mirrors are fitted on the sides
of the vehicle, enabling the driver to see traffic behind
him/her to facilitate safe driving. Convex mirrors are
preferred because they always give an erect, though
diminished, image. Also, they have a wider field of view as
they are curved outwards. Thus, convex mirrors enable
the driver to view much larger area than would be possible
with a plane mirror.
Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Fun with Lasers

– Click here to Watch

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Refraction of Light

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Refraction of Light-Amazing
Activities
– Click here to Watch

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

– Refraction is the bending of light (it also happens with sound,
water and other waves) as it passes from one transparent
substance into another.
– This bending by refraction makes it possible for us to have
lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms and rainbows.
– Even our eyes depend upon this bending of light. Without
refraction, we wouldn’t be able to focus light onto our retina.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Laws of Refraction

– The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal, to the interface
of any two given mediums; all lie in the same plane.
– The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and sine of the
angle of refraction is constant.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Refractive Index

– Refractive index, also called index of refraction, measure of the

bending of a ray of
light when passing from one medium into another.
– The refractive index n
is defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to th
e sine of the angle of refraction;
– i.e., n = sin i / sin r.
– Refractive index is also equal to the velocity of light c
of a given wavelength in empty space divided by its velocity v
in a substance, or
– n = c/v
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Rarer and Denser Medium

– A medium in which speed of light is more is known as optically

rarer medium and a medium in which speed of light is less is
said to be optically denser medium. For example in air and
water, air is rarer and water is a denser medium.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Rules for bending of Light

– when a ray of light passes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, the
ray of light bends towards the normal... this is bcz the velocity of light
decrease as the rays go from rarer to denser medium..
– when a ray of light passes from a denser medium to a rarer medium,the
ray of light bends away from the normal ....

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Refraction of Light through a Glass
Slab

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Refraction of Light through a Glass
Slab
– click here to watch

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Spherical Lenses

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Terms related to Spherical Lenses

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– i) Optical center is defined as the point on the lens which is on
the principal axis and the light ray doesn't deflect when passes
through it. 
– (ii) Centre of curvature is defined as the center of the surface of
sphere of which the lens is a part. Since, a lens has two
surfaces, so the lens has two centers of curvatures.
–  (iii) Principal axis is defined as the straight lines passing
through center of curvature
– . (iv)Aperture is defined as the diameter of the boundary of the
circular lens. 
– (v) Principal focus is defined as the point where beam of light
parallel to principal axis, either converges or diverges after
refraction
– (vi) Focal length is defined as the distance between the optical
center and principal focus of the lens. 
Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Principal Focus

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Rules for drawing Ray Diagrams

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Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Ray Diagrams for Convex Lens

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Characteristics of the Image formed

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Concave Lens

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Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon
Power of a Lens

– The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal

length in meters,
– or D = 1/f,
– where D is the power in diopters and f is the focal length in
meters.
– The diopter is the unit of measure for the refractive power of a
lens.

Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon

Power of combination of Lenses

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Prepared by: Vivek Sawhney, KV NMU Jalgaon