Drip irrigation designing

Presented By:-
Guided by:- Bhupesh Katariya
Prof. A. T. Motiyani W.R.M 3rd Sem
L. D. College of Engg. (120280712008)
Contents
Introduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
Comparison with other irrigation system
Components of drip irrigation system
Design of drip irrigation system
Design procedure
Example of designing
Benefits for farmer
Introduction
Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the
soil through various systems of tubes, pumps, and
sprays.
Irrigation is normally used in areas where rainfall is
inconsistent or dry conditions or drought is expected.
Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation is a micro irrigation method in which
the rate of water application is very low and without
any pressure. i.e., drop by drop
Drip irrigation is based on the basic concept of
irrigation only the roots zone of crop , rather than the
entire land surface on which the crop is grow.
Water flows from the emission
points through the soil by
capillarity and gravity.
The soil moisture content of the
crop root zone is maintain at near
optimum level to facilate optimum
crop growth and production.
ARRANGEMENT FOR DRIP
SYSTEM
Drip irrigation is useful for
crop…..
Fruit crops :
 Banana, Grapes, Citrus, Pomegranate, Papaya, Pineapple,
Watermelon, Sweet lime, Mango, Kinnow, Mosambi.
Vegetable crops :
 Cabbage, Cauliflower, Okra, Tomato, Potato, Onion,
Chillis, Radish, Brinjal, Bottle grown, French been,
Capsicum, Bhindi, Beans, Baby corn, Carrots, Cucumber,
Bitter gourd, Bottle gourd, Ashgourd, Gherkins.
 Commercial crops :
Sugarcane, Cotton, Ground nut, Chickpea.
Advantages of Drip Irrigation
 Less requirement of irrigation water
 Water supply at optimum level.
 Water logging is avoided
 High yield
 Over irrigation is avoided
 Variation in application rate
 Reduced labour cost
 Weed control
Increase in net irrigable area
Highly uniform distribution of water i.e., Controlled
by output of each nozzle No soil erosion
Suitable for any topography
Maintenance of high surface temperature
Improved disease and pest control
Tolerance to windy atmospheric condition
 Disadvantages of drip irrigation
High cost :
 drip irrigation systems are expensive because of there requirements of
large quantity of piping & filtration equipment to clean the water.
Expense:
 Initial cost can be more than overhead systems.
Waste:
 The sun can affect the tubes used for drip irrigation, shortening their
usable life. Longevity is variable.
Clogging:
 If the water is not properly filtered and the equipment not properly
maintained, it can result in clogging.
 Drip tape causes extra cleanup costs after harvest. You'll need to plan for drip
tape winding, disposal, recycling or reuse.
 This method is not suitable for closely planted crops such as wheat
 COMPARISON
Drip method Flood method
High, Less. High rates of
Water saving between 40 and 100 % evaporation, surface run off
and percolation

Irrigation efficiency 80 – 90 % 30 - 50 %

Weed problem Almost nil High

Even saline water can be Only normal water can be

Suitable water
used used

Diseases and pests Relatively less High

Very high since supply is

Efficiency of fertilizer use Heavy losses due to leaching
regulated
 Drip method Flood method

Water logging Nil High

Water control
Can be regulated easily Not much control

Cost benefit ratio (additional Excluding water savings: 1.3 -

amount in rupees  for every 13.3, Including water savings: Between 1.8 and 3.9
rupee invested) 2.8 - 30.0

depending ––
on crop spacing
Capital cost/ha Rs 15,000 to 40, 000

20 - 100 % higher than flood

Yield increase Less compared to drip
method
Crops: Drip versus Flood irrigation
Components of Drip Irrigation system
Pumping set
Filters
Mainlines
Sub-main
Laterals
Drippers/emitters
Pumping set:
To create a pressure about 2.5
Kg/sq cm to regulate the
amount of water to be
supplied.

• Filter :
To filter the water in
Order to remove the
suspended impurities
from water.
 Main lines:
It is a Distribution system in drip
irrigation. Rigid PVC and high density
polyethylene pipes are used as main
pipes to minimized corrosion and
clogging.
Pipes of 65 mm diameter and with
pressure rating of 4 to 10 kg/sq. cm
Sub Main:
It is usually connected to the main lines
through a control valve assembly.
The function of its to distributes water
uniformly to a number laterals.
Drippers/emitters:
It is fitted to a drip irrigation
lateral and intended to emit water
in the form of drops or continuous
flow at emitter rates not exceeding
15 liters/hr.

Drippers function as energy

dissipated, reducing the inlet
pressure head in the lateral, which
generally range from 0.3 to 1.5
atmosphere .
Design of Drip irrigation system
Data collection
 Types of soil
 Infiltration characteristics of soil
 Types of crop
 Consumptive use of water by crops
 Water quality
 Climate condition
 Availability of funds
 Contour map
 Design procedures
 Prepare on inventory of available resources & operating
conditions
 Determine the water requirement to be met by the drip system
 Determine the appropriate type of system
 Determine the type and design of emitters
 Determine the capacity of pumping system
 Decide on the economic sizes of the pumping system
 Determine the maximum and minimum operating pressure and
the minimum efficiency required
 Determine the appropriate filtering system
 Determine the requirement of the fertilization system
 Plan field evaluation
 Prepare drawings, specification, cost ,schedules, installation,
operations ,maintenance.
Emitter Selection
The efficiency Of Drip irrigation system depends
mainly on the selection of the type of emitter and its
design.
Characteristic of emitter that influence the efficiency
of irrigation system is Discharge rate
Critical items in emitter selection are the % area
wetted(Pw) and the emitter reliability.
The density of emission points required to obtain Pw
≥ 33% .
Manufacturing Variation in Emitter:
Cv = S/Q

= (q₁²+q₂²….+ qn ²-n(q) ²)⅟2 / q(n-1) ⅟ 2

In Which,
Cv = emitter coefficient of manufacturing variation,
q₁, q₂… qn = individual emitter discharge rate values,
N = Number of emitter in sample,
Q = Average discharge rate of the emitters sampled,
S = Standard deviation of the discharge rates of the
sample.
Recommended rangers of Cv
(emitter coefficient of manufacturing variation)

<0.05 Excellent

0.05 to 0.07 Average

0.07 to 0.11 Marginal

0.11 to 0.15 Poor

> 0.15 unacceptable

Discharge of Drippers
q= khx
In which,
q = Discharge of the dripper, volume/time
P= operating pressure, force/area
X= constants for specified emitters
Irrigation water requirement
Vm = Kc x Kp x Cc x Ep x A
In which
Vm = Monthly Irrigation water requirement,
Kc = Crop co efficient
Cc = Canopy factor
Kp= Pan evaporation factor (0.8)
Ep = Normal monthly evaporation
A = Area to be irrigated, m2
Capacity of drip irrigation system
Q = Vd x T (na x t)
In which
Q = Capacity of drip system,
Vd = Daily water requirement,
T = Irrigation interval days
na = Water application efficiency
t = Duration
Qp = Q/n
Qp = Discharge per plant
n = Number of plant
Numbers of Laterals required:
For vegetable crops – 1 lateral for each slop.
For orchards – 1 to 2 /each row

Number of drippers per plant:

(% total area shaded by the tree x area per tree) / (effective
area wetted by a single emitter).
Area irrigated by a dripper :

 Ai = (L x S x P) / (100 x Ne )
Ai = Area irrigated, m2
L = Spacing between adjacent plant rows, m
S = Spacing between emission points, m
P = % of cropped area to be irrigated
Ne = Numbers of drippers at each emission point
Benefits to Farmers :
More than 70% of Indian farmers
are small scale operators
cultivating plots less than one
hectare. Irratic rainfall pattern
play havoc into the livelihoods of
the small farmers who do not have
any alternate supply of water.
CONCLUSION
• Drip irrigation system is an economical and very
efficient system of irrigating for vegetables, row
crops etc.

• Drip irrigated crops use less water compared to

overhead irrigated crops.

• Drip irrigation increase yields

Thank you