Al-maktoum collage of Engineering & Technology (AMCET)

ETT 06215

Switching Systems

Yazid, K

ybafunda@gmail.com

AMCET
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)

AMCET
 Why do we need a new
technology?

To provide a high-speed, low delay

multiplexing and switching network to any type of
user traffic, such as voice support, data,or video
applications.

AMCET
 What is ATM?
 ATM for Telecommunications is Asynchronous
Transfer Mode, (not Automatic Teller Machine!).
 ATM is a flexible high bandwidth, low delay

network technology that is capable of handling

voice, video and data on a single network; and
mostly used in the backbone
 In general, ATM means that traffic is carried in

small, fixed-length packets called cells.

 A technology that integrates advantages of

circuit switch and packet switch.

 ATM can support any type of user services, such

as voice, data, or video service.

AMCET
 ATM Overview
5-Bytes 48-Bytes 53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell
Header Payload
header+48Bytes payload.

ATM must set up virtual connection before

communication.

Contract
ATM network will confer with terminal on
parameter of QoS before the connection is
set up.

AMCET
ATM can provides both CBR and VBR
transport

AMCET
 Connectionless & Connection-
oriented
Connection-oriented : All packets
are transferred from the same
route , so the receiving order of
packets depends on the sending
order. Time delay is fixed.

p
Setu

tup
Se

Connectionless: Every packet is Setu

transferred from different routes, so
p
the receiving order of packets
doesn’t possibly depend on the Setu
sending order.
p
AMCET
ATM Switch Model’s Characteristic
 Any user’s cell will not be send
periodically, and bandwidth will be shared
and statistically multiplexed.
 Many types of service can be transferred
in the same time and Quality of Service is
supported in an ATM network.
 Fixed length cell, so switch can be
controlled by hardware and high-speed
switching is easy to be realized.

AMCET
 ATM’s Advantage
 Integration of various services such as voice, image, video, data and
multimedia.

 Standardization of network structures and components. This results in

cost savings for network providers.

 Transmission that is independent of the medium used PDH, SDH,

SONET and other media can be used to transport ATM cells.

 ATM is scaleable, i.e. the bandwidth can be adapted extremely flexibly

to meet user requirements.

 Guaranteed transmission quality to match the service required by the

user (quality of service, QoS).

AMCET
 ATM’s Application
 In Switching:
 Traditional Exchange is evolving into Broadband
Exchange by ATM’s application

 In Transmission:
 ATM virtual path exchange node and ATM
Add/Drop Multiplexer

 In Internet:
 ATM router applied in IP Switching, Multi-Protocol
Label Switching

AMCET
 ATM Network Model
UNI NNI NNI
NNI

UNI
NNI
PNNI

PNNI
ICI Other
UNI NNI Network

NNI
NNI ： Network Node Interface
UNI ： User Node Interface
ICI ： Inter-carrier Interface
NNI
PNNI ： Private Network Node
Interface
AMCET
 ATM Interfaces
The following ATM interfaces have been defined and standardized
 Private UNI (user-node interface) –specification of the interface
between a user’s device (e.g. a workstation) and a private ATM
switch
 Private NNI (network-node interface) –e.g. between private ATM
switches needed to support the ATM infrastructure
 Public UNI–specification of the interface between the user’s
device and a provider of a public ATM service
 Public NNI–interface between ATM switches in public carrier
networks.
 Also referred to as B-ISSI (broadband inter-switching
system interface) when applied to the connection between
two public
 switches of the same carrier Also referred to as B-ICI
(broadband inter-carrier interface) when applied to the
connection between two carriers networks

AMCET
ATM Cell

AMCET
 ATM Cell
 GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control of a possible
bus system at the user interface and is not used at the moment.
 VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the second part of the
addressing instructions and is of higher priority than the VCI.
 VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case indicates a path
section between switching centers or between the switching center
and the subscriber.
 PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of data in the
information field.
 CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell can be
preferentially deleted or not in the case of a transmission bottleneck.
 HEC ( Header Error Control): Provided in order to control and, to
some extent, correct errors in the header data that may occur. The
HEC is used to synchronize the receiver to the start of the cell.

AMCET
 ATM Connection
 There are two types of ATM connections
 Virtual path connections –identified by virtual path identifiers (VPI)
 Virtual channel connections –identified by a combination of virtual path
and circuit identifiers (VPI and VCI)
 Virtual channels (VC)
 are the basic unit that carry a stream of
ATM cells from one user to another
 are identified by a virtual channel identifier
 can be configured statically as PVCs (permanent virtual circuits) that are
set up at network configuration time and dynamically as SVCs (switched
virtual circuits) that are dynamically configured on-demand
 can be bundled together into virtual path connections
 Virtual paths (VP)
 contain one or more virtual channels
 are identified by a virtual path identifier
 are routed through a network as a single entity
 can be used internally for bundling virtual circuits between switches

AMCET
 ATM Cell Switching
ATM Network Node
User B ATM Terminal
Cell and user’s
data change
VPI=2 VCI=37
Port 1 ATM Switch
each other UNI

Port VPI VCI

VPI=1 VCI=51
Port 2 1 2 37
2 1 51

NNI
ATM Network Node

Port 1 ATM Switch

User A ATM Terminal
Cell and user’s UNI Port VPI VCI
data change Port 2 1 1 51
each other VPI=3 VCI=39
2 3 39

AMCET
 Signaling In ATM
Permanent Virtual Channel (PVC):
The connections are analogous to leased lines that are switched
between certain users. A change can only be made by the network
provider. This type of ATM network often forms the initial stage in the
introduction of this technology.

Switch Virtual Channel (SVC):

Users connected to this type of network can set
up a connection to the user of their own choice by means of signaling
procedures. This can be compared with the process of dialing a
telephone number.

AMCET
 Types of ATM Virtual Connection
According to the switching mode, ATM Virtual
Connection can be classified :
 VPC (Virtual Path Connection)
 VCC (Virtual Channel Connection)

According to connection establishment, ATM Virtual

Connection can be classified:
 SVC(Switching Virtual Connection)
 PVC(Permanent Virtual Connection)

AMCET
 VPC and VCC
ATM terminal A C
VCC
VPC
UNI cell ATM network node G UNI cell

E F
UNI cell NNI cell NNI cell UNI cell
VC VP VC
switching switching switching
VCC D
B
For example: When E receives cells from A or B, which would be
transferred to C or D, the VPI of these cells would be set to
uniform value in E. These cells would be received by G and
switched to F by VP switching. Then the cells will be delivered to
C or D at F. It means that VPC has been set up between E and F,
while VCC has been set up among A, B, C and D.
AMCET
 Features of ATM
Voice

Data

Video Cells

 Connection oriented
 Fast packet switching
 Statistical multiplexer
 Supports voice, data and video service
 Provides QoS

AMCET
 ATM Protocol Structure Model

Call connection User information 、 Flow

and Control Control and Error Recovery

Interface Management
Layer Management
Control interface User interface
Independent
Service and signaling
of user USER USER management
of every layer
Information of user
and cell conversion SAAL AAL

Cell exchange and Impartible

multiplexing or ATM Layer
demultiplexing management
of all layer
Frame structure
physical medium Physical Layer

AMCET
 Three Communications Planes
 The user plane transports the user data for an
application. It uses the physical, ATM and ATM
adaptation layers to do this.

 The control plane takes care of establishing, maintaining

and clearing down user connections in the user plane.
The key word here is signaling.

 The management plane includes layer management and

plane management. Layer management monitors and
coordinates the individual layer tasks. Plane management
handles monitoring and coordination tasks in the network.

AMCET
 ATM Sublayer Model
ATM Protocol Stack Model OSI Reference Model
User 7 Application
CS
AAL 6 Presentation
SAR
Interface
manage 5 Session
ment ATM
4 Transport

3 Network
TC
PHY 2 Data link

PMD 1 Physical

AMCET
Function of ATM Physical Layer

Two sublayers:

 Transmission Convergence Sublayer

AAL
(TC)
 transmission frame generation/recovery

ATM 


Processing HEC (Header Error Control)
cell delimiting
 transmission frame adaptation

PHY  Physical Medium Dependent Sublayer

(PMD)
 Link coding
 Network physical medium

AMCET
 Function of ATM Layer

 Cell switch
AAL
 Quality of Service
 Processing the cell header
ATM
 Types of payload
 Multiplexing /Demultiplexing of
PHY different connection cell

AMCET
Function of ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

AAL  Support services for user

 Segment and reassemble
ATM  Complete the change between
User-PDU and ATM payload

PHY

AMCET
 Function of ATM AAL Overview
Function of ATM AAL:
Constant Data Variable
Bit Rate Bursts Bit Rate

Provide a high-speed,
low delay multiplexing
AAL SDU
and switching network
ATM Payload to support any type of
ATM Cell
user service, such as
Multiplexing
voice, data,or video
applications.

AMCET
 Types of AAL
Service type A B C D
Bit rate constant variable variable variable
Real time YES YES NO NO
Connection mode Connection oriented connectionless

AAL AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 AAL5

In order to support different types of user services, there are

five types of AAL.
 AAL type 1–meets the needs of class A services
AAL type 2–meets the needs of class B services
AAL type 3/4-meets the needs of class C and D services
AAL type 5–meets the needs of class D services

AMCET
 Service Types of ATM layer
 CBR (Constant bit rate)
Intended to support real-time applications requiring tightly
constrained delay variation (e.g. voice, video)
 VBR-NRT (Variable bit rate-non real time)
Intended for non-real-time applications with bursty traffic (e.g.
multimedia-email)
 VBR-RT (VBR-real time)
intended for real-time applications with bursty traffic (e.g.
compressed video/voice)
 UBR (Unspecified bit rate)
Represents a “best-effort service intended for non-real-time
applications that do not require tightly constrained delay or delay
variation and are tolerant to cell loss ( widely used today for
TCP/IP)
 ABR (Available bit rate)
similar to UBR but enhanced to handle applications that require a
minimum bandwidth requirement (e.g. email and file transfer)

AMCET
(IP over ATM) IPOA Protocol Stack

User application User application

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

IP IP
IP packet is transferred to
AAL ATM Payload AAL
IP address is mapped to PVC
ATM or SVC ATM

ATM network Physical layer

AMCET
 TCP/IP Process
TCP TCP Header App Data

IP IP Header TCP header App Data

SNAP/LLC LLC IP Header TCP Header App Data

CS LLC IP Header TCP Header App Data PAD CPCS-PDU Tail

AAL5
SAR SAR-SDU#1 SAR-SDU#2 SAR-SDU#3 SAR-PDU#4 SAR-PDU#5

Cell header will be added to SAR-PDU, whose VPI and VCI depends on
ATM the map table of IP address to PVC/SVC. Then ,the cells will be sent to
Physical Layer.

PHY Perform the transmission of ATM cells via physical media.

AMCET
 Thanks!

Technology changes but communication lasts.

AMCET