Blue Tooth, WiFi

Wi-Max and LTE

Sudhakar C Gour
RTTC Mysore
1
 Objectives
 To study Bluetooth, WiFi , Wi-MAX and LTE
technoloies

2
Definition: Bluetooth is a specification for the
use of low-power radio communications to
link wireless phones, computers and other
network devices over short distances.

The name Bluetooth is borrowed from Harald -

I, a king in Denmark more than 1,000 years
ago.

3
Range: 30 feet (10 meters).
Speed : < 1 Mbps.
Network Topology : Piconet (2-8 Bluetooth
devices)
Bluetooth was approved as IEEE 802.15.1.
Band : 2.4 Ghz (2.4-2.4835GHz)
Alternative for RS-232 data cable
Uses Fast Frequency hopping and Short
packets this limits interference from other
devices using the same frequency band
Uses FEC to limit impact of noise on long
distance links
4
It is a wireless technology standard
Used for exchanging data over short
distances from fixed and mobile devices
Creates a personal area networks (PANs)
with high levels of security.
 Created in 1994,
It can connect several devices, overcoming
problems of synchronization.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth
Special Interest Group.

5
Implementation
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called
frequency-hopping spread spectrum.
Chops up the data being sent and transmits
chunks of it on up to 79 bands (1 MHz each;
centered from 2402 to 2480 MHz) in the range
2,400-2,483.5 MHz .
This range is in the globally unlicensed
Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)
2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band.
6
Originally Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK)
modulation was used.
 Subsequently, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK
modulation was used.
Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be
operating in basic rate (BR) mode where an
instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible.
The term Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) is used to
describe π/4-DPSK and 8DPSK schemes, each
giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively.

7
PSK Modulation

8
π/4-DQPSK

9
8-PSK with Gray coding

10
Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a
master-slave structure.
One master may communicate with up to 7 slaves
in a piconet; all devices share the master's clock.
 Packet exchange is based on the basic clock of
312.5 µs, defined by the master.
Two clock ticks make up a slot of 625 µs; two slots
make up a slot pair of 1250 µs.
In the simple case of single-slot packets the master
transmits in even slots and receives in odd slots;
the slave, conversely, receives in even slots and
transmits in odd slots.
11
Bluetooth provides a secure way to connect
and exchange information between devices
such as faxes, mobile phones, telephones,
laptops, personal computers, printers, Global
Positioning System (GPS) receivers, digital
cameras, and video game consoles

12
A Master Bluetooth device can communicate
upto 7 devices in a piconet.
A device can switch roles
Master decides the slave to be addressed in a
round-robin fashion.
The connection of 2 or more piconets will
form one scatternet

13
14
 Introduction
WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity
Works on 2.4 Ghz License free band
Wireless LAN technology upto a speed of 54
Mb/s

15
Components

16
 WAP
Supports 10-30 devices
Fixed and mobile devices
Range of 100-150 feet
Connects to LAN or WAN
Routing and bridging to gateway

17
Extending WiFi Coverage

18
 WiFi Configurations
1. Peer to peer
One to one
communication
No preconfig
/admnistration required

19
2. Client and AP configuration

20
 3. Multiple Access Points and Roaming

The whole university, airport, IT park may be a WiFi network

Access Points are connected through Wire /wireless media
Mesh topology to be used to reduce fault and failure of one access point will not collapse the
network
The ability of clients to move seamlessly among a cluster of Access Points is called roaming
Smooth hand off takes place 21
 4.Use of Extension Points

EPs functions as relaying signals

They are APs not connected to wired network
or gateway

22
 The Use of Directional Antennae

Building A

Building B

~1Mile

23
 WiFi Working
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS).

24
 FHSS
The band on 2.4 GHz is divided into 75 No. of
1 Mhz channels
Simple
Speed is limited to 2 Mb/s

25
 DSSS
2.4 GHz band is divided into 14 channels
25 MHz channel separation is used to avoid
interference
Suitable for wireless LAN

26
DSSS

27
29
 Configuration at AP
The SSID (Service set identification) : Any
Name can be given, same through out the
network for seamless roaming
The channel: channel 6 is default
 ( it can be1 to 11)
The WEP key: Wired Equivalent Privacy key
It should be enabled to secure the network
against eavesdropping and hacking.

31
 Configuration at Client
ADD a new connection in my network places
Search for wireless networks
Enter SSID

32
 Benefits of WiFi
Mobility:.
Speed and Simplicity:
Installation Flexibility: Wireless technology
allows the network to go where wire cannot go.
Reduced Cost-of-Ownership: initial investment
may be higher but cost effective in long run
Speed: better than CORDECT, GSM and CDMA.

33
 Limitations of WiFi
Coverage: a radius of only about 60
metres. Hundreds of Access Points
are necessary to provide seamless
coverage in small area. For 10
square kms area roughly 650 Access
Points are required, where as CDMA
2000 1xEV-DO requires just 09
sites.
Roaming: It lacks roaming between
different networks.

34
 Limitations of WiFi Contd.
 Interference: Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum, which mean
no regulator recourse against interference. The most
popular type of Wi-Fi, ‘802.11’b uses the crowded 2.4 GHz
band which is already used in Bluetooth, cordless phones
and microwave ovens.
 Security: Wi-Fi Access Points and modems use the Wired
Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Standards, which is very
susceptible to hacking and eavesdropping.
 Security: WEP( Wired Equivalent Privacy) is not very
secure. WPA (WIFI Protected Access) offers much better
security with the help of dynamic key encryption and mutual
authentication.

35
Wi-MaX
36
 Wi-Max
 WiMAX -Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access.
 WiMAX is a single wireless technology that can:
 Bridge the digital divide
 Connect enterprises and residential users in urban and
suburban environments where access to copper plant is
difficult,
 Make portable Internet a reality by extending public
WLAN hotspots to city hot zones,
 Further expand hot zones to metropolitan area coverage
for mobile data-centric service delivery.

37
 Wi-Max

Spectrum allocation
There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for
WiMAX, however the WiMAX Forum has published
three licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz
and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to drive standardisation
and decrease cost.
In the USA, the biggest segment available is around
2.5 GHz,
Elsewhere in the world, 2.3 GHz probably being
most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like
India and Indonesia will use a mix of 2.5 GHz,
3.3 GHz and other frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen
Telecom uses 3.5 GHz.
38
 Wi-Max
WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16 Standard

 The current WiMAX revision is based upon IEEE Std

802.16e-2005, approved in December 2005.
 Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid
automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
 Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) and MIMO technology
 Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor
penetration
 Introducing Turbo Coding
 Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing
administrators to trade coverage for capacity or vice
versa
 Adding an extra QoS class for VoIP applications.

39
 Wi-Max

offers Broadband wireless access at data rates

of several tens of Mbit/s (up to 75 Mbit/s per
base station) and within a range of several tens
of kilometers (up to 50 km).
offers high-speed data services to all nomadic
terminals (laptops, PDAs, etc.) at a better cost /
performance than 3G
offer multimedia services, including voice
The WiMAX enabling the delivery of last mile
wireless broadband access as an alternative to
cable and DSL".
40
 Adaptive Antenna System
(AAS
An Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) can
focus its transmit energy to the direction of a
receiver. While receiving, it can focus to the
direction of the transmitting device. The
technique used in AAS is known as
beamforming or beamsteering or
beamshaping. It works by adjusting the width
and the angle of the antenna radiation
pattern.
41
Adaptive Antenna System
(AAS)

42
Adaptive Antenna System
(AAS)

43
 TDD Good Fit for Advanced Antennas

MIMO A / MIMO B TXAA

(4 Tx ant @ BS)

S1 X X S 1

Σ
X X X X
S2 X X S 2
S
Matrix-A: TX diversity, benefiting link margin X
Matrix-B: Spatial multiplexing, benefiting throughput

 +9dB System Gain

 OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
 OFDM
Incoming serial bit stream is converted into a
number of blocks of bits which are then transmitted
in parallel by using a number of sub-carriers which
are orthogonal in nature.
Symbol rate of these sub-carrier blocks is much
less than the incoming serial bit stream
The effects of delay spread of the RF channel are
very much reduced.
It reduces the need for channel equalization to a
great extent.
(Channel equalization is the process of reducing amplitude,
frequency and phase distortion in a radio channel with the intent of
improving transmission performance)
 Wi-Max

Uses
Providing portable mobile broadband
connectivity across cities and countries.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and
DSL for "last mile" broadband access.
Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP)
and IPTV services (triple play).

47
 Wi-Max

Broadband
Companies are deploying WiMAX to provide
mobile broadband or at-home broadband
connectivity across whole cities or countries.

48
 Wi-Max

Triple-play
WiMAX supports the technologies that make
triple-play service offerings possible
Voice, vedio & data

49
 Wi-Max
Connecting to
WiMAX
There are numerous
devices on the market
that provide
connectivity to a
WiMAX network.
These are known as
the "subscriber unit"
(SU).
•A WiMAX USB modem for mobile internet

50
WiMAX CPEs

Indoor CPE
Outdoor CPE

51
WiMAX CPEs

PCMCIA Card

USB Dongle
 Wi-Max

The WiMAX Forum WiMAX Architecture

53
 Wi-Max

The WiMAX forum proposal defines a number of

components,
SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile Station
ASN: the Access Service Network
BS: Base station, part of the ASN
ASN-GW: the ASN Gateway, part of the ASN
CSN: the Connectivity Service Network
HA: Home Agent, part of the CSN
AAA: Authentication, Authorization and
Accounting Server, part of the CSN
NAP: a Network Access Provider
NSP: a Network Service Provider

54
55
 Long Term Evolution
 LTE: Long-Term Evolution,
 Commonly marketed as 4G LTE,
 It is a standard for wireless communication of high-
speed data for mobile phones and data terminals.
 It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA
network technologies,
 It increases the capacity and speed using a different
radio interface together with core network
improvements.
 3GPP standard (Release 8, Enhance Release 9.)
 LTE is the natural upgrade path for carriers with both
GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks.

56
 Air Interface
 E-UTRA : Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access is the air interface of 3GPP's
Long Term Evolution (LTE) upgrade path for
mobile networks.
 It uses OFDMA radio-access for the downlink
and SC-FDMA on the uplink.

57
 Features
 Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and
upload rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s depending on
the user equipment category (with 4×4 antennas
using 20 MHz of spectrum). 
 Low data transfer latencies (sub-
5 ms latency for small IP packets in optimal
conditions), lower latencies for handover and
connection setup time than with previous radio
access technologies.
Improved support for mobility, exemplified by
support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h
(220 mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on
the frequency band
58
Thank You

59