Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Flow of Viscous Fluids

and Boundary Layer Flow
[ 10 Lectures + 3 Tutorials ]

Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) project

Midsemester (open book) examination
What do we mean by ‘Fluid’?
 Physically: liquids or gases
 Mathematically:
 A vector field u (represents the fluid velocity)

 A scalar field p (represents the fluid pressure)

 fluid density (d) and fluid viscosity (v)

R. Shanthini
18 Aug 2010
Recalling vector operations
 Del Operator:

 Laplacian Operator:

 Gradient:

 Vector Gradient:

 Divergence:

 Directional Derivative:
Continuity equation for incompressible
(constant density) flow
- derived from conservation of mass

where u is the velocity vector

u, v, w are velocities in x, y, and z directions

Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ
kinematic
viscosity
density
(constant)
(constant)
pressure

external force
(such as
gravity)
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

υ ρ
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

Acceleration term:
change of velocity
with time
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

Advection term:
force exerted on a
particle of fluid by the
other particles of fluid
surrounding it
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ
viscosity (constant) controlled
velocity diffusion term:
(this term describes how fluid motion is
damped)
 Highly viscous fluids stick together (honey)
 Low-viscosity fluids flow freely (air)
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

Pressure term:
Fluid flows in the
direction of
largest change
in pressure
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

Body force term:

external forces that act
on the fluid (such as
gravity,
electromagnetic, etc.)
Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible
flow of Newtonian (constant viscosity) fluid
- derived from conservation of momentum

υ ρ

change
in body
= advection + diffusion + pressure + force
velocity
with time
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid

υ ρ
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
in Cartesian coordinates

Continuity:

Navier-Stokes:
x - component:

y - component:

z - component:
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an
infinite channel with stationery plates
- fully developed plane Poiseuille flow
Fixed plate

Fluid flow direction

y
h
x
Fixed plate
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in an
infinite channel with one plate moving at uniform velocity

- fully developed plane Couette flow

Moving plate

Fluid flow direction

y
h
x
Fixed plate
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations
for incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid
in cylindrical coordinates

Continuity:

Navier-Stokes:
Radial component:

Tangential component:

Axial component:
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid in a pipe
- fully developed pipe Poisuille flow

Fixed pipe φ
r
z Fluid flow direction 2a 2a
Steady, incompressible flow of Newtonian fluid between
a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating inner cylinder
- fully developed pipe Couette flow

a r
b
aΩ