HEAT TRANSFER

Introduction
 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
• Conduction or diffusion The transfer of energy between objects
that are in physical contact.

• Convection The transfer of energy between an object and its

environment, due to fluid motion.

• Radiation The transfer of energy to or from a body by means of

the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation .

• Advection The transfer of energy from one location to another as

a side effect of physically moving an object containing that energy
 CONDUCTION
• On a microscopic scale, heat conduction occurs as hot,
rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules interact
with neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring some
of their energy (heat) to these neighboring particles.
• In conduction, heat is transferred by conduction when
adjacent atoms vibrate against one another, or as
electrons move from one atom to another.
• Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer
within a solid or between solid objects in thermal contact.
Fluids—especially gases—are less conductive.
 Steady state conduction
• Steady state conduction (see Fourier's law) is a
form of conduction that happens when the
temperature difference driving the conduction is
constant, so that after an equilibration time, the
spatial distribution of temperatures in the
conducting object does not change any further.[7]
• In steady state conduction, the amount of heat
entering a section is equal to amount of heat
coming out.[6]
 Transient conduction
• Transient conduction occurs when the
temperature within an object changes as a
function of time.
• Analysis of transient systems is more complex
and often calls for the application of
approximation theories or numerical analysis
by computer.[
 Convection
• Convective heat transfer, or convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by
the movement of fluids, a process that is essentially the transfer of heat via mass transfer.
• Bulk motion of fluid enhances heat transfer in many physical situations, such as between a
solid surface and the fluid.

• Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Although
sometimes discussed as a third method of heat transfer, convection is usually used to
describe the combined effects of heat conduction within the fluid (diffusion) and heat
transference by bulk fluid flow streaming.

• In the case of heat transfer in fluids, where transport by advection in a fluid is always also
accompanied by transport via heat diffusion (also known as heat conduction) the process of
heat convection is understood to refer to the sum of heat transport by advection and
diffusion/conduction.
 Types of Convection
• Free, or natural, convection occurs when bulk fluid
motion (steams and currents) are caused by
buoyancy forces that result from density variations
due to variations of temperature in the fluid.
• Forced convection is a term used when the streams
and currents in the fluid are induced by external
means—such as fans, stirrers, and pumps—
creating an artificially induced convection current.
 Newton’s Law of Cooling
• Convective heating or cooling in some
circumstances may be described by
Newton's law of cooling:

• "The rate of heat loss of a body is proportional

to the difference in temperatures between the
body and its surroundings."
 Radiation
• Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter as
electromagnetic waves due to the pool of thermal energy that all
matter possesses that has a temperature above absolute zero.

• Thermal radiation propagates without the presence of matter

through the vacuum of space.

• Thermal radiation is a direct result of the random movements of

atoms and molecules in matter. Since these atoms and molecules
are composed of charged particles (protons and electrons), their
movement results in the emission of electromagnetic radiation,
which carries energy away from the surface.
 Advection
• By transferring matter, energy—including
thermal energy—is moved by the physical
transfer of a hot or cold object from one place
to another.
• This can be as simple as placing hot water in a
bottle and heating a bed, or the movement of
an iceberg in changing ocean currents
 Planck’s Law
• Planck's law describes the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in
thermal equilibrium at a definite temperature. The law is named after Max Planck, who
originally proposed it in 1900. It is a pioneer result of modern physics and quantum theory.

• Planck's law may be written:

• where B is the spectral radiance of the surface of the black body, T is its
absolute temperature, ν is the frequency of the emitted radiation, λ is its wavelength, kB is
the Boltzmann constant, h is the Planck constant, and c is the speed of light.[1][2][3] These are
not the only ways to express the law; expressing it in terms of wavenumber rather than
frequency or wavelength is also common, as are expression in terms of the number of
photons emitted at a certain wavelength, rather than energy emitted. In the limit of low
frequencies (i.e. long wavelengths),
 Stefan–Boltzmann law
• The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, is a
relation which described the power radiated from a
black body in terms of its temperature. Specifically, the
Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated
per unit surface area of a black body per unit time (also
known as the black-body irradiance or emissive power), is
directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's
thermodynamic temperature T:
 Stefan-Boltzmann’s Constant
• The constant of proportionality σ, called the
Stefan–Boltzmann constant or Stefan's constant

• where k is the Boltzmann constant, h is

Planck's constant, and c is
the speed of light in a vacuum.
 Boltzmann Constant
• The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is a physical constant relating
energy at the individual particle level with temperature. It is
the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant NA:

• K= 1.3806488(13)×10−23 J/K
 Plancks’ Constant
• h =6.62606957(29) ×10−34 J.s

• The Planck constant was first described as the

proportionality constant between the energy (E) of
a photon and the frequency (ν) of its associated
electromagnetic wave. This relation between the
energy and frequency is called the Planck relation:
• E=hv
 Reference
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer