Quality Assurance & Quality Control

of RCC Structures

Er. Jagadiswar M. Shrestha

Dec 15, 2014
 Quality Assurance & Quality Control (QA&QC)

1. Quality Assurance (QA)

2. Quality Control (QC)

A. Ingredient of Concrete
i. Cement
ii. Coarse & Fine Aggregates
iii. Water
iv. Admixture
B. Concreting
C. Reinforcement
Quality Assurance & Quality Control
(QA & QC)

Minimum Degree & Self Study

Practical Knowledge to do

Willingness to do & Sharing

 Objective
 to attain quality of the construction work as far as
excellent in accordance with Technical Specifications.
 Quality Assurance & Quality Control
 Quality Assurance (QA) is process oriented and
focuses on defect  prevention
 Quality Assurance (QA) makes sure you are doing the
right things, the right way which is based on Method
-Management Tool

 Quality control (QC)  is product oriented and focuses

on defect identification
 Quality Control (QC) makes sure the results of what
you've done & what you expected
-Controlling Tool
 Performance based on Average & Multiplication
Concrete Quality If students had got
Cement Quality 100% 95% such marks, their
× × result would have
Aggregate Quality 100% 95% been distinction

× ×
Batching & Mixing 100% 95%
But, this
× × principle does
Transportation & Pouring 100% 95% not apply here!
× ×
Compaction 100% 95%

× × “It shows clearly that

Finishing 100% 95% why quality control is
× × important and sensitive
from the level of each
Curing 100% 95%
constituents to the
level of finishing
Concrete Structure 100% 70% structure”
=

=
 Scheduling
S.N. Activity Verifying document Performed by Approved by
Detailed
Contractor’s Employer /
1. Work schedule construction
Representative Engineer
schedule
Det. Sch./Planning Contractor’s
2. Monthly planning Site Engineer
report (Qty. based) Representative
Monthly Sch./
Contractor’s
3. Weekly planning Planning report Site Engineer
Representative
(Qty. based)
Timely supply of
Procurement Contractor’s
4. construction Delivery report
section Representative
materials
Supply &
Employee Line Contractor’s
5. Performance of
performance report management Representative
human resources
 Job Description of Individual Mngmt. Team
Site Engineer
Location : Chisapani, Karnali
Responsible to : Contractor’s Representative
Responsible for : Supervision of Construction Works
Functional Relationship : Employer, Engineer’s Representative and QAE
Principal Functions : To carry out the day to day construction activities
Specific Activities : Making daily site diaries
Personal Qualification : Bachelor in Civil Engineering
Timing and Duration : 42 Months (Contracting Period)

Mechanical Engineer
Location : Chisapani, Karnali
Responsible to : Contractor’s Representative
Responsible for : Management for repair and maintenance of vehicle machines
Functional Relationship : Mechanical supervisors, Mechanist, Drivers and Operators
Principal Functions : To keep the vehicles, equipment, plant and tools in working order

SpecificActivities : Allotment of various jobs to mechanics, operators and drivers

Personal Qualification : Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering
Timing and Duration : 42 Months (Contracting Period)
 Quality Assurance Plan of Reinforcement Bar

Spec.limit Cond
Test No. of Spec./code Conduct Rem
Item Material Tests Requireme Qty. Equipment ucted
Frequency test Reference ed at arks
nt by

As per
Weight per
specified in  Lab
running  Site Lab
code for Staff
meter
different dia

0.2 percent  Lab

500 N/mm2  Site Lab
proof Staff
Universal
Tensile
7. Cutting, Machine
bending,  Lab
Elongation 16 %  Site Lab
placing & Every 25 to 45 t Staff
IS 1786 –
binding of 4838 depending on
Rebars 108 2008 or NS
Reinforce Mt diameter of
191 - 2046
ment bars Tensile bars  Lab
all 565 N/mm2  Site Lab
strength Staff
complete

No visible  Lab
Bend test  Site Lab
crack Staff
Universal
Tensile
Machine
Re bend  Lab
No fracture  Site Lab
test Staff
 Quality Assurance Plan of Concrete M20/20
Spec.limit
No. of Spec./code Conduct Conduct Rema
Item Material Tests Requiremen Qty. Test Frequency Equipment
test Reference ed at ed by rks
t

> 225 m2/kg; < each lot/Every 200 t

Fineness  
10 % and part of it IS 4031 Part 2
each lot/Every 200 t
Setting time Vicat Apparatus Lab Lab Staff  
and part of it IS 4031 Part
Cement IS 8112:1989 each lot/Every 200 t 29 -5
Consistency & IS 12269-  
and part of it
1987 Cement mortar mould,
Comp. each lot/Every 200 t IS 4031 Part
Tamping Rod, Trowel, Lab Lab Staff  
Strength and part of it -6
Crushing machine
As required/Every 100 t NS 305-2020
Gradation As Specified 136 Sieves , balnance, trays Lab Lab Staff  
and part of it or IS 460
Sand
Clay/Mica As required/At least IS 2386 Part- Balance,sieve,measuring
<3.0 % 8 Lab Lab Staff  
content once every source 2 cylinder
As required/Every 250 t NS 305-2020
Gradation As Specified 82 Sieves , balnance, trays Lab Lab Staff  
or part of it or IS 460
8. ACV mould,Balance,
IS 2386 Part-
M20/20 ACV <30 % As required/Every 500 t 41 2.36mm sieve, Crushing Lab Lab Staff  
4
Concrete 17395. machine
Works Flkiness/Elong 52 m3 As required/200 m3 & IS 2386 Part- Thickness and Length
<40 % 43 Lab Lab Staff  
all ation Indices each new source 1 gauge, Balance
complete Aggregat Sodium
e Sulphate As required/At least Sodium Sulphate,
<15 % 8 ASTM C88 Lab Lab Staff  
Soundness one for each source Oven,Balance
(SSS)
As required/At least BRE Digest
Shrainkage <0.065% 4       ost
one for each source 35
ACV mould,Balance,
IS 2386 Part-
10% fine value >50KN. As required/Every 500 t 41 2.36mm sieve, Crushing Lab Lab Staff  
4
machine
ost
water Quality As Specified As required

two samples of each IS-516 Parts Cement concrete cube

Compressive 20 N/mm2 at
pouring or each 50 347 1,3 and 4, IS moulds, Crushing Lab Lab Staff  
Concreti Strength 28 day's
cu.m. / As Required 1199 machine
ng
Slump test Frequent As required   IS 1199 Slump Cone, Scale etc Field Lab Staff  
Working Procedures
 Concreting Works:
◦ Testing and approval of concreting materials of
specified grade.
◦ Proportioning of ingredient materials as determine
in design mixes and production of the concrete.
◦ Checking, centering and shuttering taking approval
from Employer/Engineer.
◦ Transportation, Pouring & Compaction of concrete.
◦ Making working cubes for testing compressive
strength.
◦ Curing for min.10 days.
 Quality Control

Nature of Quality Job

Doing job is very easy
but
doing quality job is very
difficult
Total damaged due to major earthquake
but collapsed & not collapsed

Modern Ductile Details

• Initial Failure at ~0.6g

Courtesy of Caltrans

Older Brittle Details

• Total Failure at Courtesy of Caltrans

~0.2g
Earthquake Failures in Bhuj, India (M7.6), Jan26, 2001
13823 Deaths
Earthquake Failure in Pakistan(M7.6) Oct 8, 2005
82,000 killed, 3,000,000 left homeless
Earthquake Failure in Newzealand (M7.4), Sep 4, 2010
No one death reported, $2.9 billion lost
 Building Collapses without
Earthquake
14 Mar 2014,
Mumbai

24 Apr 2013,Bangladesh
(kills over 1100 person)
Building Collapses without Earthquake
During Concreting (Patan)
Riverside Building (Surkhet)
Riverside Building (Surkhet) Damaged by Flood (30 Shrawan 2071)
Riverside Building (Surkhet)
 Hierarchy of Failures
I. Insufficient Supervision (Quality Control) in Construction
II. Insufficient Detailing in Drawings & Construction
III. Inadequate Structural Design

Design

Detailings

Supervision
(Quality Control)

Failure of Structures not only due to Earthquake (EQ) and

mostly EQ related deaths are due to Improper Supervision,
Detailing and Structural Design
Is RCC better than Brickwork Masonry ?
Brick Masonry HWs of Dunduwa IS
Is RCC better than Brickwork Masonry ?
Poor Quality of RCC works
 Quality Control of RCC works of Intake of
Rani Jamara Kularia I.P., Chisapani, Karnali
 1. Introduction

• Name of Work :
Construction of Intake and its Protection Works
• Name of Contractor :
Marushin Shitaka Construction Company Inc., Japan
• Date of Agreement : 2067 Magh 20
• Date of completion : 2071 Asar 16
• Contract Amount : NRs. 1,04,90,30,312.18
• Final Expenditure : NRs. 1,00,33,73,449.67

(Concrete Works -42,348cum, Steel-3,524MT,

Sample cube crushed 5,580 no.)
Intake of RJKIP,Chisapani, Karnali with June18, 2013 Flood
Special Activities to be Record
Big Boulder on Excavation
View of 16m Cutting

29
 Concrete Quality

A.Quality of its ingredients B.Concreting process

Checking before concreting Concreting

Cement,
CA and FA water, admixtures etc
Batching, mixing, transporting, placing,
compacting, curing
For mw o rk, R ei nf o rci ng Bar, cove r bl o cks, Det ai l i ngs
Ingredient of Concrete
A.Cement
 Grades of OPC
 Reclassify by BIS for OPC into three different grades.
 Classified based on compressive strength in 1987:
 33 grade-Ordinary Portland Cement - IS:269-2013
 43 grade-Ordinary Portland Cement - IS:8112-2013
 53 grade-Ordinary Portland Cement - IS:12269-2013
 In NS, there is only NS:49 which is equivalent to IS:269

(The grade indicates compressive strength of the

cement in N/mm2 at 28 days.)
Ex. 55MPa = 55x106 N/m2 = 55 N/mm2
 Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
Fly ash based -IS:1489-1991 Part I
Calcinated ash -IS:1489-1991 Part II
In NS, both parts considered as NS:385-2054

 Grades of PPC
There is no any grade of PPC

White Cement-IS 8042:1989

• Used for decorative purpose, sanitary
fittings and marble floorings
 OPC vs PPC
OPC
Made by clinker with some
quantity of gypsum
Hydraulic cement
Cement+water set
Hardens in short time
Curing required for short time
Normal cost
Available in grade 33, 43, 53
May crack more
Use for high grade concrete
PPC
Made by mixing pozzolanic
material and blend with clinker
or directly with OPC
Non-hydraulic cement
Pozzolana+water does not set
Hardens in long time
Curing required for long time
Low cost
Equivalent to grade 33
Less crack
Use for massive structure,
foundation, temperate area
Setting Time of Cement
Se ttin g T im e , m in u te s

700
Reqd. max
600
Observed
max.
500

400

300

200

100

0
Jaypee Prism 43 ACC 43 Ultratech Ultratech Birla Birla
43 53 43 Gold 43 Gold PPC

Cement Brand
Test Certificate
 28 days Compressive Strength OPC43
(Strength vs Production Time Period)

64.21
70

62.2
52.17
60

47.49
45.81
43.47
50 Old (>3month)
Strength, N/mm2

43

34.78
40 28.42 Fresh (1 Week)

28.42
30 Normal (5 Week)

20

10

0
Reqd.43 Prism 43 Jaypee 43 ACC 43

Cement Brand
 Cement with Mfd. Date
(W.No. Month Year)

BIRLA GOLD Jaypee BIRLA KHAJURAHO

W 16 M APR Y 2012 W 16 M APR Y 2012 W NO 04 Month JAN Year
2012
Cement with Mfd. Date
(W.No. Month Year)

Jagadamba ULTRA
Premium Jagadamba ULTRA
W 10 M 3 Y 70 Premium
W 47 M 11 Y 69

Jagadamba ULTRA
Premium
W 4 M 4 Y 70
Cement without Mfd. Date

MARUTI YETI Shivam

No Date No Date No Date
 Strength of Cement mortar (PPC)
60
3 day 7 day 28 day

48.15

46.15
50
Comp. Strength (N/mm2)

37.12
40

35.45
34.11

31.77
32.1
33

27.09
30

24.75
24.08

21.4
22

18.06
18.06
17.05

16.05
20
16

10

0
Required Prism Jaypee ACC BirlaGold BirlaSamrat
 Comp. Strength (N/mm2)

10
20
30
40
50
60
70

0
13.18
19.73
28.42
29.43
35.78
52.17
23.07
30.76
43.47
17.05
18.06
34.11
12.04
17.39
28.42
36.78
41.46
62.2
32.44
41.47
56.84
23.07
37.45
45.81
22.07
28.09
46.14
16.05
24.08
35.45
20.06
27.42
34.78
40.8
51.5
64.21

Cement Brand
28.09
40.79
47.49
21.4
32.1
48.15
24.75
31.77
46.15
33.44
3 day

41.8
55.51
33.44
40.13
58.19
25.41
32.1
44.14
7 day

32.08
38.79
Compressive Strength of Indian Cement

52.67
18.06
27.09
37.12
33.77
44.14
56.18
28 day

23.41
37.44
45.48
 Strength of Nepali OPC Cements
50
3 Day 7 Day (Tested
28 Day in RJKIP, Chisapani)

46.01
44.81

44.74
43.47
42.8
40.79

41.8
43

39.46

38.79
38.11
37.45
40

34.11

34.11

34.11
34.08
33.44

33.44
33.44

32.77
33

30.09
31.1
Comp. Strength(N/mm2)

30.1
28.76

28.09
27.42
27.42

26.75
30

25.75
25.41

24.07

23.74
23.41

23.41
22.74

22.74

22.07
22.4
23

18.72
16.72
20

10

0
. 1) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
in r ( (2 (3 am p e r
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a(1 (2) (3)
.M St
a ar ar iv u Ul m n na n th ha ha
d St St Sh
ij
S (
ad
a So o So a at at
q
Br ba S m
Re g r r m r m
d am Ja
a ga ga ga
S a a
a ga S S
J
Cement Brand
B. Coarse & Fine Aggregate
 Aggregates
 are inert granular materials such as sand,
gravel, or crushed stone
 Main constituent of concrete (65 to 85%)
 divided into two categories

◦ Based on size
 Coarse Aggregate (Gravel)- > 4.75mm
 Fine Aggregate (Sand)- ≤ 4.75mm
◦ Based on production
 Single (natural)
 Artificial (crushed)
Sampling of Coarse & Fine Aggregates

Sampling in SIP

Sampling in RJKIP
 Sieve analysis of
Combined Aggregate (0-40mm)
Combined (0-40)mm
100
90
80

percentage passing(%)
70
60 upper limit
50 lower limit
40
30
actual curve
20
10
0
0.15 0.6 2.36 5 10 20 37.5 50
si eve si ze( mm)

47
 CLAY CONTENT IN FINE AGGREGATES
Clay Content (%)
Max. Limit Clay Content
3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sample Id. No.

 Comparison of Aggregate Properties
300
Limiting Value Sikta I.P. RJK I.P.
253
250

200

150 138

100

50
50 35 40 40
23 24 20
17 16 15

0
Agg.Crushing Ten % Fine Value Flakiness Index Elongation Index
Value (%) (KN) (%) (%)
A v. Strength (M Pa)

Comparison of 28day cube Strength

SIP(Av.of 10089no.) RJKIP(Av.of 2790no.)

4 2 .7 2
4 2.3 4
50

3 7 .2 8
3 8 .9
3 4 .23
3 4 .1 6
3 0 .5 4

40
2 7 .5 3

30

20

10

0
M15 M20 M25 M40

Concrete Grade
C o m p re s s iv e s tre n g th (

Production
M20 time
(Cement 380kg/m3)
of Cement was
more 7 day strength
28 day strength
7 day av. Strength
28 day av. Strength
60
Quarry site Changed
50

40

30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Cube Id.
 SINGLE VS CRUSHED AGGREGATES

A. Single (Natural)
 Round Shape

 High Strength

 Less Bond with Cement due to

smooth surface
 Less Bond because of less

Bonding Area

B. Crushed
 Irregular Shape (may Flaky, Elongated)

 Low Strength

 High Bond with Cement due to rough

surface
 High Bond because of more Bonding Area
COLORS & SHAPE OF BOULDERS & AGGREGATES
 C.Water
Shall be clean and free from injurious amount of oils,
acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials

Potable water is generally considered as satisfactorily

Permissible Limits for Solids

SN Particular Tested as per Permissible Limit (Max.)
1 Organic IS 3025(Part18) 200 mg/l
2 Inorganic IS 3025(Part18) 3000 mg/l
3 Sulphates (SO3) IS 3025(Part24) 400 mg/l
4 Chloride IS 3025(Part32) 2000mg/l(pcc), 500mg/l(RCC)
5 Suspended matter IS 3025(Part17) 2000 mg/l
6 Acidity pH>5
 D.Admixture
Admixtures are sometimes called the fifth
ingredient of concrete other than Cement
Coarse Agg., Fine Agg. and Water.
Advantages of using Admixture are
increase the workability without increasing the
water content
modify the rate and or capacity of bleeding
reduce segregation
reduce slump loss
accelerate the rate of strength development at
early ages
improve durability
Improve abrasion resistance
improve bond between old and new concrete
inhibit corrosion of reinforcement
 Admixture
Admixture shall be used if required strength &
workability can not be achieved by using available
better quality of cement and aggregates

Admixture can’t be a considered a substitute for

good concreting practice or in other words,
admixtures cannot compensate for bad practice and
low quality materials.

Consistency of concrete will be less by using

admixture than in normal concrete
 Type of Admixtures
1. Liquid Type 2. Powder Type
1.Liquid Type Admixtures
 Water-reducing admixtures
 Plasticizers for strength
 Accelerating admixtures
 Retarding admixtures
 Hydration-control admixtures
 Corrosion inhibitors
 Shrinkage reducer
 Air-entraining admixtures
 Coloring admixtures
 Naphthalene & PC based
admixtures
 Available in powder also
2.Materials (SCMs) in Powder Forms

From left to right:

 Fly ash (Class C)

 Metakaolin (calcined clay)

 Silica fume

 Fly ash (Class F)

 Slag

 Calcined shale
2.Concreting
 Principle of Trial Mix
 To achieve required strength with minimum
cement content
 To achieve workability for concreting in the

site
Range of Slump Values

Type of Concrete Slump (mm)

Blinding, Precast 10 to 50
Concrete
Mass Concrete & Plain 25 to 75
Concrete
Reinforced Concrete 50 to 100
Under water Concrete 100 to 200
 RJKIP,Chisapani,Kailali
Concrete Trial Mix Sample
Lab Id. No. 4-CTM10 23-CTM15 11-CTM20 15-CTM25 68-CTM40

Grade M10/40 M15/40 M20/40 M25/40 M40/20

Cement brand Prism43 Jaypee43 Jaypee43 Prism43 BirlaGold43

Cement Qty/m3 260 290 370 390 425

W/C 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.44

CA/m3 1362.8 1330.35 1326.5 1319.15 1194.25

FA/m3 671.2 570.15 568.5 565.35 641.75

Ratio (by wt.) 1:2.58:5.24 1:1.97:4.59 1:1.54:3.59 1:1.45:3.38 1:1.51:2.81

Slump (mm) 55 26 82 65 65

Target Str (Mpa) 13.06 21.34 31.26 36.26 51.26

28day Str (Mpa) 27.85 38.59 39.55 37.33 55.11

 60
Comparison of 28 day Cube Strength

51.26
Required General Strength
Trial Mix Target Strength
50

43.03
Achieved Site Strength (2634no.)

37.33
Comp. Strength (MPa)

40
36.26
40

34.38
31.26
27.53
27.18

30

25
21.34

20
20
13.06

15
10

10

0
M10 M15 M20 M25 M40

Concrete Grade
Curing
 7d/28d Strength Ratio
80 79.29

75.70 76.35
75
71.57

70
Ratio in %age

65

60

55

50
M15 M20 M25 M40

Concrete Grade
 Curing Effect of M20 Concrete
(Cement350kg/m3)
40
36.44 Site Curing
35
Lab Curing
Comp. Strength (MPa)

29.04
30
25.63
25 22.88

20

15

10

0
7 day 28 day

Curing Period
 Compliance of Strength as per IS 456:2000
Specified % age of cube Individual Mean of the Group of 4 Non-
Grade pass Test Overlapping
Results in Consecutive Test Results in N/mm2
M 15 Cube shall be ≥ fck-3 ≥ fck + 0.825 X established Std. Dev. or
pass more N/mm2 fck + 3 N/mm2 whichever is greater
M 20 than 95% of ≥ fck-4 ≥ fck + 0.825 X established Std. Dev. or
or total cubes N/mm2 fck + 4 N/mm2 whichever is greater
above
Table 8 Assumed Standard Deviation
(Clause 9.2.4.2 and Table 11)
Grade of concrete Assumed Std. Dev. (N/mm2)
M 10, M15 3.5
M20,M25 4.0
M30,M35,M40,M45,M50 5.0

If above condition does not satisfied, any NDT or Core Test shall be
carried out
3. Reinforcement bar

350

300

250

200

LOAD (KN)

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
DISP. (mm)
Mild, TOR, TOR Cari & TMT
TORCARI , Fe500

600 fu
fu TMT , Fe500
fy fy
Tensile stress (N/mm2 )

500 fu TOR STEEL , Fe415

fy fu MILD STEEL , Fe250
400
300 fy
200
100

10 20 30 40
Elongation over gauge length ( 5.65Ø) %
VII. MILD, TOR, TORCARI & TMT
 Special features from Ductile Detailing code NS
501:2058
(Copied from IS 13920:1993)
 Clause 4.2
For all buildings which are more than 3
storeys height, the min. fck shall preferably
be M20
(From Amendment of IS code on 2 Mar 2002, word ‘preferably’
has been deleted)
 Clause 4.3
Steel Rebar of fy=Fe415 or less only shall be
used
(From Amendment of IS code on 2 Mar 2002, TMT bars of Fe500
may also be used)
 Tensile Stress, N/mm2

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

0
611
62 4
61 4
54 4
525
51 5
511
53 9
5 66
640
6 11
58 5
551
5 56
540
5 52
556
506
55 0
Yield Stress(fy)

5 99
5 31
55 8
5 19
5 23
5 42
51 8
A(TMT)

52 4
54 0
52 4
55 0

Diameter, mm
5 75
571
Ultimate Stress(fu)

596
5 82
621
572
6 26
5 97
546
5 82
531
52 9
521
52 9
572
5 10
5 38
566
5 37
32323228282828282525252525252525202020202020202020202020202016161616161616161212121212121212101010
 Tensile Stress, N/mm2

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
481

32
612

484

32
616

521

32
642

506

28
619

505

28
621

498

28
609
Yield E

504

25
620

516

25
636
Stress(fy)

503

25
624

534

20
623

Diameter, mm
530

20
614
(TMT),1stUltimate

486

20
588

569
16
647

561
16

641
Lot Stress(fu)

564
16

635

472
12

553

509
12

605

529
12

623
 E (TMT), 2nd Lot
Yield Stress(fy) Ultimate Stress(fu)
700

621

610

592
586
586

584

578
577
600

573
566

560
553
539
532

521
519
516
Tensile Stress, N/mm2

500

400

300

200

100

0
28 28 28 25 25 20 20 20 16 16 16 12 12 12 10 10 10

Diameter, mm
Tensile Stress, N/m m 2

J (TMT)
Yield Stress(fy) Ultimate Stress(fu)
700 664 661
659 648 648
641 639 646
623
582 592
600 575
564
554 558 558 559 552 553
523 533 523
519 521
499 489
485 487
500

400

300

200

100

0
32 32 32 25 25 25 20 20 20 16 16 16 12 12

Diameter, mm
Tensile Stress, N/m m 2
L (TMT)
Yield Stress(fy) Ultimate Stress(fu)
800
710 707 713
677 686
700 674

600 553
542 542 544 539 541

500

400

300

200

100

0
32 32 32 28 28 28

Diameter, mm
 Tensile Stress, N/m m 2

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

0
529

32
645

542

32
659

547

32
668

431

28
544

577

28
692

574

28
690
Yield Stress(fy)

537

25
652

536

25
649

573

25
680
H (TMT)

523

20

Diameter, mm
621

468
20
569

404
Ultimate Stress(fu)

20
504

466
16

544

477
16

562

557
16

640

467
12

557

472
12

568

476
12

565
 T e n s ile S tre s s , N /m

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
560

32
680

569

32
686

553

32
667

583

25
695

595

25
713

590

25
712
Yield Stress(fy)

561

20
677

555

20
671

546

20
665

538

16
633

582

16

Diameter, mm
685

577
16
K Steel (TMT)-Reidbar

683
Ultimate Stress(fu)

575
12

700

581
12

698

566
12

686

571
10

661

577
10

665

563
10

653
Introduction of Reid bar

Reidbar™ is a reinforcing
bar that can be cut at any
point along its length and
screwed into one of a
number of threaded
components.

This unique feature

enables an entirely new
approach to reinforcement
placing and fixing.
Rquirement of Stirrups & Ties in Lap Joint
 Coupler for Reid bar

Tested Reid bar with Coupler

Torsional behaviour
Soft Storey Effect
Frame with Shear Wall
(Soft Storey Effect)

EQ Force Deformation Moment

Portico & Foundation Fixation
Short Column Effect
(Increment in Relative Stiffness, EI/L)
Short Column Effect
(Increment in Relative Stiffness, EI/L)
Anchorage of Beam bar in Column
Construction Defects
Control from the beginning
Improper fixing of Shutter in Column
Improper fixing of Shutter in Column
Proper fixing arrangement of Shutter in
Column
Providing Ties in Beam-Column Joint
Provision of Ties in Beam-Column Joint
 Lack of Ties
(Circular & Rectangular)
Formworks lining
Formworks lining
Old & Modern Crow
Special Structures
 Responsibility of Concrete
Quality
 Almost 90% of the construction defects are
caused due to lack of awareness/knowledge on
part of Civil Engineers
A poor concrete not only give a bad name to an individual
or organization but also to Civil Engineering Community
as a whole

Therefore it is often said that

an engineer is as good (or bad) as his
or her concrete is!
 Engineer ?
Heated gold is called ORNAMENT

Beated copper is called WIRE

Compressed carbon is called DIAMOND

Heated, Beated & Compressed

Person is called ENGINEER
 Great handicapped persons of the world

Nick Vujicic Hirotada Ototake Stephen Hawking

We can enjoy the benefit of
good technology only when
“we”
apply it in practice
and
sharing of experience
Thank you for your kind attention