Marine Electrical Engineering

( A CONDENSED VERSION FOR EMTI STUDENTS)

AC MOTORS-THEORY
EDITED : D E DHANSINGH
SOURCE: H. COTTON
DENNIS HALL
ANWANI & THERAJAs
 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Parts of Induction Motor

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Types of AC Motors
 Single-Phase Motors
 Three-Phase Induction Motors which
may be
Squirrel cage Motors or
Slip-ring Motors
 Three-Phase Synchronous Motors

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Single Phase vs 3 Phase

- Induction Motors
 Single Phase Induction motors produce
pulsating torque and therefore are not
self-starting. Special devices are
required to start single phase motors.
 Three Phase induction motors produce a
rotating magnetic field and are self-
starting.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

Arrangement of Slots
Types of Rotors
Wound Rotor
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Types of Rotors
Squirrel cage rotor Wound rotor
Construction of Stator
Stator of Induction Motor Coils in the Stator
 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Essentials for Production of

Torque in AC Motors
 As with DC Motors, AC motors also require two
fields, the Stator field and the Rotor field for
production of Torque.
 The Stator field is a rotating magnetic field
and is produced by windings in the Stator, fed
by a 3-Phase alternating supply.
 The Rotor field is provided by currents
circulating in the rotor bars/windings.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Production of Torque –
3 Ph Induction Motor

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Slip
 The difference between the Synchronous speed (Ns)
and actual speed of the rotor (Nr) is known as “Slip”
 Usual to express it as a percentage of the
synchronous speed.
 % Slip(s) = Ns - Nr/Ns x 100
 The rotor(motor) speed (Nr) = Ns (1-s)
 The flux in an induction motor is rotating at
synchronous speed relative to the stator but at slip
speed relative to the rotor.
 Frequency of EMF induced in the rotor will be = sf
where “f” is the synchronous frequency.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

Variation of Torque with
Applied Voltage
 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Important inferences from

the torque equations
 Starting torque is dependent on rotor resistance
 The speed or slip at which maximum torque
occurs is determined by the rotor resistance and
inductance.( when R = sX )
 Maximum torque varies directly as the square of the
applied voltage.
 For obtaining maximum torque at starting (s=1),rotor
resistance must be equal to reactance
 If the rotor resistance increases more than the rotor
reactance, the max. torque decreases
Variation of Torque with
Rotor Resistance
 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH
Comparison of Performance
with different types of rotor

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Why do we need Starters ?

 In a motor, V = Eb + IaRa where,
V = Applied Voltage
Eb = Back EMF(induced by rotating mag.
field) Ia = Armature(Stator) Current and
Ra = Armature(Stator) resistance
 At standstill, there is no back EMF and
V = IaRa
 The current at starting is limited only by the small Armature
Resistance and can be as high as 5 to 8 times the normal full
load current of the motor.
 Starter is a means of starting the motor at a lower applied
voltage to limit the inevitable high starting current.

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Direct-on-Line Starter

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Star-Delta Starter

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Auto-Transformer Starter

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Soft Starter

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Advantages of soft starters

 DOL starters cause a very high inrush of current to the motor ( as high as
600%FL) resulting in a very high torque more than that is required at full
speed.
 Star/Delta or Auto Transformer starters provides a partial solution but any
slowing down of the motor during transition periods, can again cause high
peak of currents.
 All the above methods switch off the motor abruptly from full speed
condition. High torque
 transients often cause “water hammer” effects and in some cases, failure
to gradually slow the fluid down before stopping can cause the kinetic
energy to rupture pipes and couplings.
 Soft starters provide Soft start & Soft stop for pump applications and
ensure a. Less mechanical stress b.
Improved Power factor c. Lower maximum demand and d. Less
mechanical maintenance
 For applications other than pumps, only soft-start features are utilised
 EDITED BY: D.E.DHANSINGH

Starting a
3Ph wound Rotor Motor

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)