How the Internet Works: A Brief History and Overview

CHAPTER 6
Why learn about

networks and cloud
computing?
1
Computer Network
the communications media,

devices, and software connecting two
or more computer systems and
devices.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• Star Network
• Bus Network
• Mesh Networks
STAR
NETWORK
STAR
NETWORK
BUS NETWORK
BUS NETWORK
MESH NETWORKS
Types of Computer Networks
1. Personal Area Networks (PAN)
2. Local Area Networks (LAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
4. Wide Area Networks (WAN)

Client / Server Systems
Client Server
- end user -central

computer
Channel Bandwidth
- rate at which data is exchanged
Broadband Communication
-high speed internet access

Communications Media
Any material that carries an electronic signal to

support communications between devices
Guided Transmission Media Types
Media Form Description Advantages Disadvantages
Twisted-pair Twisted pair of Widely Transmission
Cable copper wire available speed and
distance
limitations
Coaxial Inner conductor wire Cleaner and More
Cable surrounded by faster data expensive
insulation transmission
Fiber Extremely thin Less distortion of Expensive to

-Optic strands of glass signal; capable of purchase and
Cable bound together in a high transmission install
sheathing rate
Wireless Technologies
• Wireless Communication
TRANSMITTER Signal Antenna
ENVIRONMENT
signal
DEVICE signal Antenna signal
signal
Frequency ranges used for Wireless Communications
Technology Description Advantages Disadvantages
Radio Operates 3 Support mobile Highly
Frequency KHz- 300 MHz users; cost are susceptible to
Range range dropping interception
Microwave- High-frequency Avoid cable or wires; Highly

terrestrial and radio signal sent high speed
through susceptible to
satellite frequency transmission
range atmosphere and interception
space; 300 MHz-
300 GHz
Infrared 300 GHz – Move, remove and Transmission is

Frequency 400 THz range install devices w/o effective only for
expensive wiring short distance
range
• Near Field Communication (NFC)

-very short range connectivity
• Bluetooth
-10 to 30 ft transmission rate
• WiFi
-has wireless adapter
• Microwave Transmission
• 4G Wireless Communication
-based on LTE
• 5G Wireless Communication
-
Communications Hardware
Networks require various communication

hardware devices to operate including modems,
fax modems, multiplexer, private branch
exchanges, front end processors, switches,
bridges, routers and gateways.
Communications Software
Network Operating System
software that controls the computer system and

devices on a network and allows them to
communicate with other.
Ex: Network-management software

Mobile device management software
Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
allow network administrators to manage a

network via controller that does not require
physical access to all network devices.
THE INTERNET
AND WORLD WIDE
WEB
Beverly Ruth C. Ibay
BSA 2-8
FABRIKAM
CHAPTER 6 : Networks and Cloud Computing
The Internet and World Wide Web
THE INTERNET:
YOU LOVE IT;
YOU NEED IT;
YOU CAN'T LIVE WITHOUT IT.
BUT WHO INVENTED IT?
FABRIKAM
The ancestor of the internet was the ARPANET, a project started by

the U.S. Department of defense (DoD) in 1969.
ARPA stands for the advanced research projects agency

the agency is now known as DARPA—the added D is for defense.
So, the ARPANET was broken into two networks:

MILNET, which included all military sites,
and a new, smaller ARPANET, which included all the nonmilitary
sites.
FABRIKAM
https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
FABRIKAM
https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
FABRIKAM
How the Internet Works
FABRIKAM
• How the Internet Works
FABRIKAM
• A network service providers (NSP) is a company that owns,

operates and sells access to internet backbone infrastructure
and services.
• Internet backbone: One of the Internet’s high-speed, long-

distance communications links.

• Examples of ISPs in the Philippines
• Examples of NSPs
1. Converge ICT Solutions
1. AT&T 2. One SKY
3. PLDT
2. CenturyLink
4. Globe Broadband
3. China Telecom 5. RISE
4. Sprint
5. Verizon Business
• The Internet transmits data from one computer (called a host)

to another.
• The various communications networks that are linked to form
the Internet work much the same way—they pass data around
in chunks called packets, each of which carries the addresses of
its sender and receiver along with other technical information.
• The set of rules used to pass packets from one host to another
is the IP protocol.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internet Protocol (IP): A communication standard that enables

computers to route communications traffic from one network
to another as needed.
• Each computer on the Internet has an assigned address, called

its IP address, that identifies it on the Internet.
• IP address: A 64-bit number that identifies a computer on the

Internet.
• for example, 69.32.133.79.

• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of

the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that
provides an identification and location system for computers on
networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
• Domain Name System (DNS)

– is an Internet service that translates domain names into IP
addresses.
• Domain names such as www.cengage.com are mapped to IP

addresses such as 69.32.133.79 using the DNS.
• Uniform Resource Locator(URL):
A Web address that specifies the exact location of a Web

page using letters and words that map to an IP address and
a location on the host.
http://www.cengage.com/us/.
http://www.cengage.com/us/.
• HTTP means HyperText Transfer Protocol.
• HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web
and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and
transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers
should take in response to various commands.


• The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

(ICANN) is responsible for managing IP addresses and Internet
domain names. One of
• ICANN’s primary concerns is to make sure that each domain
name represents only one individual or entity—the one that
legally registers it.
Accessing the Internet
FABRIKAM
• Accessing the Internet
Connecting via a LAN Server
Connecting via Internet Service Providers
Wireless Connection
FABRIKAM

Connecting via a LAN Server
• This approach is used by businesses and organizations that

manage a local area network (LAN).
• By connecting a server on the LAN to the Internet using a
router, all users on the LAN are provided access to the Internet.
• Business LAN servers are typically connected to the Internet at
very fast data rates, sometimes in the hundreds of Mbps.

• An Internet service provider (ISP) is any organization that

provides Internet access to people.
• To connect to the Internet through an ISP, you must have an
account with the service provider (for which you usually pay)
along with software (such as a browser) and devices (such as a
computer or smartphone) that support a connection via TCP/IP.

• A dial-up Internet connection uses a modem and standard

phone line to “dial up” and connect to the ISP server.
• While dial-up was originally the only way to connect to the
Internet from home, it is rapidly becoming replaced by high-
speed services.

Wireless Connection
Wi-Fi (wireless networking)
• Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking
technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless
high-speed Internet and network connections.
FABRIKAM
How the Web Works
FABRIKAM
• How the Web Works
Internet WWW
• The Internet is the • The World Wide Web (Web),
infrastructure on which the consists of server and client
Web exists. software, the hypertext
• The Internet is made up of transfer protocol (http),
computers, network hardware standards, and markup
such as routers and fiber-optic languages that combine to
cables, software, and the deliver information and
TCP/IP protocols. services over the Internet.
FABRIKAM
• The Web was designed to make information easy to find and

organize.
• It connects billions of documents, called Web pages, stored on
millions of servers around the world.
• Web pages are connected to each other using hyperlinks,
specially denoted text or graphics on a Web page, that, when
clicked, open a new Web page containing related content.

• In short, the Web is a hyperlink-based system that uses the
client/server model.
• It organizes Internet resources throughout the world into a
series of linked files, called pages, which are accessed and
viewed using Web client software called a Web browser.
• A collection of pages on one particular topic, accessed under
one Web domain, is called a Web site.
• Web plug-ins help provide additional features to standard Web
sites.
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

• is the standard page description language for Web
pages.
• HTML is defined by the World Wide Web Consortium
(referred to as “W3C”) and has developed through
numerous revisions.
• HTML uses tags

• A code that tells the Web
browser how to format text
—as a heading, as a list, or
as body text—and whether
images, sound, and other
elements should be inserted.
• Extensible Markup Language(XML):

• The markup language designed to transport and store data on
the Web.
• It is a markup language for Web documents containing
structured information, including words and pictures.
XML was designed to carry data - with focus on what data is
HTML was designed to display data - with focus on how data
looks
• Cascading Style Sheet

(CSS):
• A markup language for
defining the visual design
of a Web page or group
of pages.
• XML, CSS, and HTML

• Today’s Web sites are created
using XML to define content,
CSS to define the visual style,
and HTML to put it all
together.
Web Programming Languages
FABRIKAM
• Web Programming Languages
• Web programming refers to the writing, markup and coding

involved in Web development, which includes Web content,
Web client and server scripting and network security.
• The most common languages used for Web programming are

XML, HTML, JavaScript, Perl 5 and PHP.
• Web Programming Languages
• JavaScript is a popular programming language for client-side

applications.
• Using JavaScript, you can create interactive Web pages that
respond to user actions.
• Unlike other programs, Java software can run on any type of
computer.
• Programmers use Java to make Web pages come alive, adding
splashy graphics, animation, and real-time updates.
Web Services
FABRIKAM
• Web Services
• Web services consist of standards and tools that streamline and

simplify communication among Web sites and make it simpler to
develop and use the Web for business and personal purposes.
• The key to Web services is XML.
• XML is used within a Web page to describe and transfer data
between Web service applications.
• Internet companies, including Amazon, eBay, and Google, are now
using Web services.
Developing Web Content and

Applications
FABRIKAM
• Developing Web Content and Applications
• Popular tools for creating Web pages and

managing Web sites include
• Adobe Dreamweaver,
• RapidWeaver (for Mac developers),
• and Nvu (pronounced n-view).
• Many products make it easy to develop Web content and interconnect

Web services.
• Microsoft, for example, provides a development and Web services
platform called .NET, which allows developers to use various
programming languages to create and run programs, including those for
the Web.
• Other popular Web development platforms
• include JavaServer Pages, Microsoft ASP.NET, and Adobe ColdFusion.
• Popular publishing options include using ISPs, free sites, and

Web hosting services.
• Some Web developers are creating programs and procedures to
combine two or more Web applications into a new service,
called a mashup—named after the process of mixing two or
more hip-hop songs into one song.
• Map applications such as Google Maps provide tool kits that

allow them to be combined with other Web applications.
• For example, Google Maps can be used with Twitter to display
the location where various tweets were posted.
• Likewise, Google Maps combined with Flickr can overlay photos
of specific geographic locations.
INTERNET
AND WEB
APPLICATI
ON
Va st a n d e v e r
expanding
70
WEB 2.0 AND SOCIAL WEB
71
Uses of Web or • NEWS
Web Application
• EDUCATION AND
TRAINING
72
Uses of Web or • JOB INFORMATION
Web Application
• SEARCH ENGINES AND

WEB RESEARCH
73
Uses of Web or • INSTANT MESSAGING
Web Application
• MICROBLOGGING, STATUS
UPDATES, AND NEWS
FEEDS
74
Uses of Web or • CONFERENCING
Web Application
• BLOGGING AND
PODCASTING
75
Uses of Web or • ONLINE MEDIA AND
ENTERTAINMENT
Web Application
76
Uses of Web or • SHOPPING ONLINE
Web Application
• TRAVEL, GEOLOCATION,
AND NAVIGATION
77
INTRANET
AND
EXTRANET
Private networks
available to limited
people
78
INTRANET AND
EXTRANET
79
INTERNET OF
THINGS
Is a network of physical
objects embedded with
s e n s o r s , p r o c e s s o r s , s o ft w a r e
a n d n e t w o r k c o n n e c ti v i t y
capability to enable them to
exchange data.
6 steps of IoT
EXAMPLE OF
ORGANIZATIONS USING IOT
IN THEIR OPERATIONAL
ACTIVITY
-ASSET MONITORING
-CONSTRUCTION
-AGRICULTURE
-MANUFACTURING
-MONITORING AND PARKING
SPACES
-PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
-RETAILIG
-TRAFFIC MONITORING
TYPES OF IOT APPLICATION
Types of IOT application Degree of Sensing Degree of Action
Individual devices each Enables manual monitoring

Connect and Monitor gathering a small amount of using simple threshold-based
data exception alerting
Individual devices each Automatic monitoring
Control and React gathering a small amount of combined with remote control
data with trend analysis and
reporting
External data is used to Data used to preform predictive

Predict and adapt analysis and initiate preemptive
augment sensor data action
Transform and explore Sensor and external data used New business models, products,
to provide new insights and services are created
83
HOW SAFE IS THE INTERNET OF THINGS?
84
USES APPLICATIONS
AND RESOURCES
DELIVERED
VIA THE WEB
CLOUD
COMPUTING
PUBLIC CLOUD COMPUTING
- A service provider organization owns and
manages the infrastructure/ Sold on demand.
(Infrastructure as a service, Software as a service,
Platform as a service)
PRIVATE CLOUD COMPUTING
- A single tenant cloud.
HYBRID CLOUD COMPUTING
- Composed of both private and public clouds
integrated through networking.
AUTONOMIC COMPUTING
-Ability of It systems to manage themselves. 86
THANK YOU
MICHELLE GAJE
BEVERLY IBAY
SUNSHINE
BULAON

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CHAPTER 6

Why learn about

the communications media,

1. Personal Area Networks (PAN)

2. Local Area Networks (LAN)

3. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

4. Wide Area Networks (WAN)

- end user -central

- rate at which data is exchanged

-high speed internet access

Any material that carries an electronic signal to

Fiber Extremely thin Less distortion of Expensive to

TRANSMITTER Signal Antenna

DEVICE signal Antenna signal

Microwave- High-frequency Avoid cable or wires; Highly

Infrared 300 GHz – Move, remove and Transmission is

• Near Field Communication (NFC)

Networks require various communication

Network Operating System

software that controls the computer system and

Ex: Network-management software

allow network administrators to manage a

The Internet and World Wide Web

BUT WHO INVENTED IT?

The Internet and World Wide Web

The ancestor of the internet was the ARPANET, a project started by

ARPA stands for the advanced research projects agency

So, the ARPANET was broken into two networks:

The Internet and World Wide Web

The Internet and World Wide Web

The Internet and World Wide Web