Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
 Two Major Parts of
Review of Related
Literature
Conceptual Literature

Research Literature
1 Conceptual Literature
It contains literature coming from
books, journalism, and other forms of
material, concerning or relevant to
the study, but are data-free or non –
empirical material, coming from both
foreign and local sources.
 2 Research Literature
These are empirically – based, like
scientific paper, theses, and
dissertations, both published and
unpublished, coming from local and
foreign sources.
 Purpose of Review of Related
Literature
It gives researcher several ideas on how to
select and formulate his own research
problem.
It helps the researcher identify studies that
have been done related to the topic he is
interested in.
 Purpose of Review of Related
Literature
It avoids possible duplication of similar
studies.
It guides the researcher on the possible
theoretical framework he can use for his
current study.
 Purpose of Review of Related
Literature
It gives direction to the researcher on how he
will create his own conceptual framework.
It gives a picture of a comparative analysis
between variables used in reviewed materials
and those used in the current study.
 Purpose of Review of Related
Literature
It allows the researcher to browse several
kinds of research designs, sampling
techniques, statistical procedures,
questionnaires and processes of presenting,
analyzing , and interpreting data, from where
he could base his own choice for his paper.
 Bases for a Good Review of Related Literature
The review material must be current.
Literature and studies reviewed must be relevant
to the study.
Findings or result of reviewed study should be
objective and free of biases.
 Bases for a Good Review of Related Literature
The data used in the reviewed materials should be
scrutinized in terms of sampling technique used to
ensure that generalizations are based on normal
population.
Reviewed materials related to the current study
should be enough to establish a strong and viable
trending of result.
 Sources of Related Literature
• Graduate theses and Dissertation
• Encyclopedia of Educational research
• Books
• Internet sites and resources (website, e-journals, e-books)
• Dictionaries in education and psychology
 How to Write the Introduction of a
Review of Related Literature
Identify the general topic of the sources under discussion.
Thus, you will provide the context of your review of related
literature.
Discuss what was already presented about the topic of your
paper: conflicts in a theory, conclusions, gaps in research
and scholarship, etc.
Explain why the literature used is worth reviewing
• It is a way of strengthening or concretizing one’s idea
by citing the similar or relevant ideas or findings of
other researchers and authorities. Documentation was
done through footnoting or parenthetical reference
citation. Modern writers is now using parenthetical
reference style. The style is called “American
Psychological Association style” or APA style.
Works by single author
According to Flippo (1984) proper job performance is
achieved only if employees are trained because they will
improve their skills.
Flippo (1984) stated the relationship or training and
performance, thus:
 “After personnel have been obtained, they must be to
some degree developed. Development has to do with the
increase of skill through training, that is necessary for
proper job performance (Flippo, 1984).”
Works by multiple authors

• When a work has two authors, always cite

both names every time the reference occurs
in the text. In parenthetical material join the
names with an ampersand (&).
Works by multiple authors
• In the narrative text, join the names with the word
"and."
as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated

• When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all

authors the first time the reference occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found