Loops

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 Repetition Statements

• Repetition statements allow us to execute a statement multiple times

• Often they are referred to as loops
• Like conditional statements, they are controlled by Boolean
expressions
• C++ has three kinds of repetition statements:
• the while loop
• the do loop
• the for loop
• The programmer should choose the right kind of loop for the
situation

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 The while Statement
• A while statement has the following syntax:

while ( condition )
statement;

• If the condition is true, the statement is

executed
• Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is
still true, the statement is executed again
• The statement is executed repeatedly until the
condition becomes false

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 Logic of a while Loop

condition
evaluated

true false

statement

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 The while Statement
• An example of a while statement:

int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
cout<<count;
count++;
}

• If the condition of a while loop is false initially,

the statement is never executed
• Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute
zero or more times

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 The while Repetition Structure
int product
int product == 2;
2;
• Flowchart of while loop while (( product
product <=<= 1000
1000 ))
while
product == 22 ** product;
product product;
int product = 2

true
product <= 1000 product = 2 * product

false

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 Parts of a while loop

int x = 1;
while (x < 10) {
cout<<x;
x++;
}
• Label the following loop
int product = 2;
while ( product <= 1000 )
product = 2 * product;

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 Infinite Loops

• The body of a while loop eventually must make the condition false
• If not, it is called an infinite loop, which will execute until the user
interrupts the program
• This is a common logical error
• You should always double check the logic of a program to ensure that
your loops will terminate normally

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 Infinite Loops
• An example of an infinite loop:

int count = 1;
while (count <= 25)
{
System.out.println (count);
count = count - 1;
}

• This loop will continue executing until interrupted

(Control-C) or until an underflow error occurs

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 Nested Loops

• Similar to nested if statements, loops can be nested as well

• That is, the body of a loop can contain another loop
• For each iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop iterates
completely

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 Nested Loops
• How many times will the string "Here" be printed?

count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{
count2 = 1;
while (count2 <= 20)
{
cout<<“Here";
count2++;
}
count1++;
}

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 The do Statement
• A do statement has the following syntax:

do
{
statement;
}
while ( condition )

• The statement is executed once initially, and then

the condition is evaluated
• The statement is executed repeatedly until the
condition becomes false

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 Logic of a do Loop

statement

true

condition
evaluated

false

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 The do Statement
• An example of a do loop:

int count = 0;
do
{
count++;
cout<<count;
} while (count < 5);

• The body of a do loop executes at least once

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 Comparing while and do
The while Loop The do Loop

statement
condition
evaluated
true

condition
true false
evaluated

statement
false

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 The for Statement
• A for statement has the following syntax:

The initialization The statement is

is executed once executed until the
before the loop begins condition becomes false

for ( initialization ; condition ; increment )

statement;

The increment portion is executed at

the end of each iteration

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 Logic of a for loop

initialization

condition
evaluated

true false

statement

increment

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 The for Statement

• A for loop is functionally equivalent to the following while loop

structure:
initialization;
while ( condition )
{
statement;
increment;
}

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 The for Statement
• An example of a for loop:

for (int count=1; count <= 5; count++)

cout<<count;

• The initialization section can be used to declare a

variable
• Like a while loop, the condition of a for loop is
tested prior to executing the loop body
• Therefore, the body of a for loop will execute zero
or more times

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 for loop Exercises

• Write the for statement that print the following

sequences of values.
• 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
• 3, 8, 13, 18, 23
• 20, 14, 8, 2, -4, -10
• 19, 27, 35, 43, 51

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 Exercise

• How many times is the following loop body repeated? What is printed
during each repetition of the loop body and after exit?
x = 3;
for (int count = 0; count < 3; count++)
{
x = x * x;
cout<<x;
}

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 Nested loops. What do these print?

• for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++)

for (int j = 1; j < i; j++)
cout<<i <<j;

• for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++)

for (int j = 1; j < i; j++)
cout<<“******”;

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 Stars

//---------------------------------------------------
// Prints a triangle shape using asterisk (star)
// characters.
//---------------------------------------------------
void main (String[] args)
{
int MAX_ROWS = 10;

for (int row = 1; row <= MAX_ROWS; row++)

{
for (int star = 1; star <= row; star++)
cout<<"*";
}
}

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 Using a loop to find if a number is prime

• Prime numbers are only divisible by 1 and themselves

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