Stress Analysis 1

EG-262

Stress and Strain

The Basics
Lecture Content

Recap of stress-strain fundamentals:

• Stress
• Properties of stress
• Plane stress
• Principal stresses
• Maximum shear stress
• Strain
• Plane strain
• Principal strains
• Stress-strain relationships
Direct Stress
Direct Stress

  𝛿 𝑃𝑁
𝜎 = lim
𝛿 𝐴 →0 𝛿 𝐴
Shear Stress

  𝛿 𝑃𝑆
𝜏 = lim
𝛿 𝐴 →0 𝛿 𝐴
Stress
Properties of Stress
 Stress is classed as a tensor quantity:

Where:

In general:

Stress is defined at every infinitesimally small point

Local Equilibrium
Plane Stress
Many
  structural components are made from thin sheets.
Stresses acting across the thickness of such sheets are
very small and can be neglected to simplify analysis

I-axis is in the direction of the thickness, the stress state

reduces to a 2D stress state in the -plane

Plane stress assumption:

Plane Stress

 𝜎 𝜃 = 1 ( 𝜎 𝑥𝑥 +𝜎 𝑦𝑦 ) + 1 ( 𝜎 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦𝑦 ) cos 2 𝜃 +𝜏 𝑥𝑦 sin 2 𝜃
2 2

 𝜏 𝜃 = 1 ( 𝜎 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦𝑦 ) sin 2 𝜃 − 𝜏 𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃
2
 Principal Stresses
For each possible stress state, there is one specific
orientation of the coordinate axes, such that the shear
stresses disappear and the direct stresses adopt maximum
and minimum values

Principal stresses occur on planes of zero shear stress

Principal Stresses

  2 𝜏 𝑥𝑦
tan 2 𝜃=
𝜎 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦𝑦
  𝜎 𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎 𝑦𝑦 𝜎 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦𝑦 2

𝜎 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =𝜎 1 ,2 =
2
± (√ 2 )+ 𝜏 𝑥𝑦
2
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shear Stress

 𝜏 = 1 𝜎 − 𝜎
𝜃
2
( 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 ) sin 2 𝜃 − 𝜏 𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃

  (𝜎 𝑥𝑥 −𝜎 𝑦𝑦 )
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃=−
2 𝜏 𝑥𝑦

  𝜎 𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦𝑦
2

𝜏 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ±
√( 2 ) +𝜏 𝑥𝑦
2
 Example

Determine:

i) The principal planes

ii) The principal stresses

iii) The maximum shear stress

and corresponding normal
stress
Strain

  𝛿𝐿
𝜀 =lim
𝐿→0 𝐿
Strain

 𝑠 h 𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝜏
= =𝐺
𝑠 h 𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝛾
Plane Strain
Plane
  strain describes situations where the dimension of
the structure in one direction (z-direction) is very large in
comparison with the dimensions of the structure in the
other two directions.

Plane strain assumption:

As for principal stresses, principal strains occur on planes

of zero shear strain.
 Plane Strain

  1 1 1
𝜀 𝜃 = (𝜀 ¿ ¿ 𝑥𝑥+ 𝜀 𝑦𝑦 )+ (𝜀 ¿ ¿ 𝑥𝑥 −𝜀 𝑦𝑦 )cos ⁡2𝜃+ 𝛾 𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 ¿ ¿
2 2 2

 𝛾 = 1 𝜀 − 𝜀 sin 2 𝜃 − 1 𝛾 cos 2𝜃
𝜃 ( 𝑥𝑥
2 𝑦𝑦 ) 𝑥𝑦
2
Principal Strains

As for principal stresses, principal strains occur on planes

of zero shear strain and can be shown to be given by:

  𝜀 𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀 𝑦𝑦 𝜀 𝑥𝑥 −𝜀 𝑦𝑦 2
𝛾 𝑥𝑦 2

𝜀 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
2
±
√( 2 ) ( )
+
2