Citing and Referencing

Lesson Review:
 What is academic writing?
 Examples of academic texts.
 Structures and features of academic
texts.
 Reading Techniques
 Thesis Statements
 Precis Writing
 1. Is this plagiarism?
Original source
In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must have
a reasonably accurate idea of what they do and do not know that is
pertinent to the communication. Treating people as though they have
knowledge that they do not have can result in miscommunication and
perhaps embarrassment.
Nickerson, R. S. (1999). How we know - and sometimes misjudge - what
others know: Imputing one's own knowledge to others. Psychological Bulletin,
125(6), 737-759.

Student’s own work

Effective communication depends on a generally accurate knowledge
of what the audience knows. If a speaker assumes too much
knowledge about the subject, the audience will either misunderstand
or
be bewildered.
 1. Is this plagiarism?
Original source
In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must have a
Yes, this is plagiarism.
reason ably accurate idea of what they do and do not know that s
i nt to the communication. Treating people as though have
pertinethey dge that they do not have can result in n and
miscommunicatio
Although the s embarrassment.
student paraphrased from
knowle
the original source, a citation must
Nickerson, R. S. (1999). How we know - and sometimes misjudge - wh at
others know: Imputing one's own knowledge to others. Psychological B ulletin,
perhap be provided in text and a reference at
125(6), 737-759.
the end of their assignment.
Stude nt’s own work
e.g. …or be bewildered
Effectiv e communication depends on (Nickerson,
a generally 1999).
accurateledge
of whatknow
knowledgetheabout
audience knows. Ifthe
the subject, a speaker
audienceassumes
will eithertoo much
misunderstand
or
be bewildered.
2. Is this plagiarism?

Figure 5. DTP3 % immunisation coverage (WHO, 2015).

Reference list
WHO. (2015). Immunization. Retrieved from:
www.who.int/gho/immunization/en/
2. Is this plagiarism?

No, not plagiarism.

As long as you provide a citation

and a reference, you can reuse
Figure 5. DTP3 % immunisation coverage (WHO, 2015).
tables, diagrams and images.
Reference list
WHO. (2015). Immunization. Retrieved from:
www.who.int/gho/immunization/en/
 3. Is this plagiarism?
Article 1
Sometimes we have to write long papers, but most of the time, it is
unnecessary: the papers often contain long introductions more suitable for
doctoral dissertations or review “state of the art” papers apparently designed to
provide evidence that the author is well-read.
Krashen, S. (2012). A short paper proposing that we need to write shorter
papers. Language and Language Teaching, 1(2), 38-39.

Article 2
Sometimes we have to write long papers to treat a topic adequately, but much
of the time, it’s unnecessary: Papers often contain long introductions more
suitable for doctoral dissertations, apparently intended to provide evidence that
the author is well-read…
Krashen, S. (2013). Reading and vocabulary acquisition: Supporting Evidence
and some objections. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 1(1),
27-43.
 3. Is this plagiarism?
Article 1
Sometimes we have to write long papers, but most of the time, it is
Yes, this is self-plagiarism.
unnecessary: the papers often contain long introductions more suitable for
doctoraldissertations or review “state of the art” papers apparently designe d to
provideevidence that the author is well-read.
Even your own previously submitted work
Krashen, S. (2012). A short paper proposing that we need to write shorter
mustand
papers.Language beLanguage
cited and referenced
Teaching, appropriately.
1(2), 38-39.
You could either quote, paraphrase or
Article2 summarise, providing a citation to the
original source.
Sometimes we have to write long papers to treat a topic adequately, but m uch
of the time, it’s unnecessary: Papers often contain long introductions more
for doctoral
Check dissertations,
with your apparently
course intended
leader to
forprovide
adviceevidence that
suitablehor is well-read…
the aut on how to handle your own previous works.
Krashen , S. (2013). Reading and vocabulary acquisition: Supporting Evidence
and so me objections. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 1(1),
27-43.
What is plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone else’s work as
your own by:
• Cutting and pasting from other sources
• Quoting without “…” or a citation
• Paraphrasing or summarising without a citation
• Using images, tables or graphs without a citation
• Re-using own work which was previously marked
• Collaborating on what should be individual work

Forgetting to cite is still plagiarism.

If in doubt, then cite!

Plagiarism – LSE statement

“All work for classes and seminars […] must be

the student's own work. […] Infringing this
requirement or passing off the work of others
as the student’s own work, whether
deliberately or not, is plagiarism.”

LSE. (2016). Regulations on assessment offences: plagiarism.

Retrieved from
http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/TQARO/Calendar/Regulati

onsAssessmentOffences_Plagiarism.pdf
What are citing & referencing
Citing
• notating when you quote, paraphrase, use an
idea, or summarise from someone else
• gives the reader the original source

Referencing
• creating a list of sources you have cited
• different from a bibliography, which also includes
sources you read but did not use directly in
writing your text
Citing demonstrates that you…
• gathered evidence to support your ideas and
arguments
• used credible, good quality sources
• read widely and at an appropriate academic
level
• allows your marker to differentiate between your
own work and the work of others, and to locate your
sources.
When and what to cite
Within & at the end of the text when you use ideas
from, or refer to, another person’s work.
Applies to:
facts, figures, ideas & theories
From:
books, journals, internet, videos, lecture notes etc.
Exception:
common knowledge
How to cite – Method vs Style
Method
•Style
Harvard method, in-text • APA 6th
(author, date) • Chicago
• footnotes • Harvard
• endnotes • OSCOLA
• etc.
Check your department’s requirements – website,
Moodle or handbook.
Caution: Harvard method ≠ Harvard style
 In-Text Citations
- You must provide information that will allow
the reader to locate exactly where you found
information in your sources. Usually this is the
author's last name and the year of publication, for
example: (Wasser, 2009)

Place the parenthetical reference at the end of the

sentence before the punctuation mark.
Bedwetting emissions have been determined to
consist mostly of two parts hydrogen to one
part oxygen, plus assorted diurnal chemicals
(Wasser, 2009).
 In-Text Citations
When the author's name appears as part of your
sentence (known as a “signal phrase”), do not use it again in
the parenthetical citation. Just give the year of publication:
Wasser (2009) argues that bedwetting is
ultimately a genetically predisposed behavior.
When there are two authors, name both authors every time
their work is referenced in your paper:
Among epidemiological samples, Selbst and Tikling
(2008) found that early onset social anxiety disorder
results from adverse parental responses to bedwetting.
The study also showed that there was a high rate of
alcohol and drug abuse associated with unresolved
bedwetting issues (Selbst and Tikling, 2008).
Books example
APA
In-text: (Bryson, 1995, pp. 12-15) or (Bryson, 1995)
Reference: Bryson, B. (1995). Notes from a small island.
London, England: Black Swan.

Chicago
In-text: (Bryson 1995, 12-15) or (Bryson 1995)
Reference: Bryson, Bill. 1995. Notes From a Small Island.
London : Black Swan.
Journals example
APA
In-text: (Secker, 1997, p. 56) or (Secker, 1997)
Reference: Secker, J. (1997). The digital library: A new
perspective. Journal of Documentation, 13(2), 53-65.

Chicago
In-text: (Secker 1997, 56) or (Secker 1997)
Reference: Secker, Jane. 1997. “The Digital Library: A New
Perspective.” Journal of Documentation 13(2):53-65.
Tips on preventing plagiarism

• Keep track of what you find from the beginning

• Record full details of the sources you might use
• Make good quality notes, don’t just copy
• Be consistent!
• Plan in advance
• Do a little bit every day
Reference management tools

Could help you be consistent and accurate when

citing by:
• storing and organising your references
• …and building a reference list as you write
your text.

E.g. EndNote, Mendeley, RefME

the only one supported at LSE

 Other Citation Possibilities
When there are between 3 and 5 authors, name all at their first
citing, including the year of publication. At subsequent citings in your
paper, retain only the first author and replace the others with “et al.”:
Selbst, Tikling, Wang, Getz, and Wasser (2009) believe that bedwetters
have a genetic predisposition for their behaviors.
In work with the Human Genome Project, Selbst et al. (2009) have
identified the unique gene that contributes to bedwetting propensity.
When there are 6 or more authors, use first author’s surname
and “et al.” for the others as in second example above in all citing
instances.
If the author is a group (e.g., corporation, association, government
agency), use the entire name in your in-text cite, though some
groups’ names can be abbreviated after the first instance:
According to government figures, boys are 35% more likely across the
socio-economic spectrum than girls to wet their beds (National Institute
of Mental Health, 2000). Next instance: (NIMH, 2000)
 Other Citation Possibilities
When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words
of the reference list entry; if article, chapter or web page, use quotation
marks, if periodical, book, report, use italics:
Bedwetters also wet couches (“IKEA Report,” 2005)
A popular college prep handbook, College Bound Seniors (2008),
recommends use of the upper bunk if your roommate is a bed-wetter.
Sometimes you may want to refer to more than one source in your
in-text citation. In that case, you should place them alphabetically,
separated by a semicolon:
Primary enuresis in young children is the expression of auto-erotic
pleasure (Freud 1901; Jung 1905).
To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, especially if a
direct quotation; chapter; figure; table; or equation at the appropriate
point in the your text:
In a letter to Freud, Ferenczi wrote, “I believe that syphilis leads to
erythrophobia only in those people who in their childhood had to
energetically suppress their rage toward their parents because of unjust
punishment [especially because of punishment for enuresis]” (Brabant,
Falzeder, and Giampieri-Deutsch, 1992, p. 271).
Jung establishes the significance of the father in the development of
enuresis in young children (1916, chapter 3).