HiT4Med

Project 544460-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-IT-TEMPUS-JPCR

Module 3
Advanced traffic management systems
Traffic surveillance methods

Constantinos Antoniou, Associate Professor, NTUA

1-12-2014
Contents

Traffic surveillance methods

• Local detector data

• Data characteristics
• Detector types
• Manual recordings
• Section data
• Data characteristics
• Detection techniques
• Trajectory data
• Vehicle based trajectories (instrumented
vehicle)
• Video based trajectories
• Examples of exercises and student projects
 
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 2
Traffic management systems

In traffic management systems the following are important:

• The surveillance component : The process in which data is
collected in the field
• Data is used to supply information about condition in the field
to other system components
• Surveillance provides the information needed to perform the
following functions:
- Measure traffic and environmental conditions
- Make control decisions
- Monitor system performance
A system can use detectors singly or in combination to measure
traffic flow variables

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 3

Traffic Studies

• Data collection
• Decision making
• Implementation
• Verification

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 4

 Variables of Traffic Flow

Variables of Traffic Flow Type of measurements

- Traffic flow counts (veh/h)
- Point (short base)
- Traffic Density (veh/km/lane)
- Point-to-point (long base)
- Vehicle classification
- Area-wide
- Origin destination studies
- Gap, Time Headway (sec)
- Transit Ridership studies
- Space headway (m)
- Travel time (sec)
- Parking inventory
- Queue length
- Occupancy

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 5

Basic Elements of Traffic Flow Theory
• flow (q): number of vehicles crossing a point per unit of time (e.g.
vehicles per hour per lane)
• speed (u):
– time-mean speed ut: average speed of vehicles crossing a point of the
roadway
– space-mean speed us: average speed of vehicles over a roadway
segment at any given time, or based on average time it takes to cross
the segment
• concentration
– density (k): number of vehicles per unit length of roadway
– occupancy (o): percent of time a point of the road is occupied
• headway
– space headway (s): distance between two consecutive vehicles
– time headway (h): time between passage of two consecutive vehicles

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 6

Occupancy

• Ratio of occupied time to total observation

time, expressed as a percent, is termed ‘lane
occupancy’, denoted by o.

total occupied time

o * 100
total observation time

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 7

Occupancy vs Flow

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 8

Vehicle Detection and Surveillance

1. Conventional Technologies
Generally, traffic count technologies can be split into two
categories:
 Intrusive technologies  Non-intrusive technologies
(In-Road detectors) : (Road side detectors) :
• Pneumatic Road • Manual counts
Tubes • Active/passive Infrared
• Inductive Loop Sensors
Detectors • Passive magnetic
• Piezoelectric sensors • Microwave radar
• Magnetic Sensors • Acoustic Sensors
• Weigh-in-Motion • Ultrasonic Sensors
(WIM) • Video image detection
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 9
Handheld Devices for Manual Counts

Push button
- Pedestrain
- Cyclists
- Number counting

Collected data
- Traffic compision
- Turrning movements
- Vehicle speed
- Queue length at intersection
- Qualitative observation

Advantages Disadvantages
- Simple, flexible and fast - Expensive, uncontrollable error rate and it is
proper for short time measurements
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 10
Manual Classified Count Recording Sheet

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 11

In road detectors
Pneumatic Tubes
• Pneumatic tubes are hollow rubber tubes places across the lanes
to detect vehicles from pressure changes that are produced when
a vehicle tyre passes over the tube.

• One end of the tube is attached to a traffic counter/classifier and

the other end is plugged to prevent air leakage as a vehicle
crosses the transducer on the classifier.

• Tubes are relatively accurate for light traffic flows.

Drawbacks:
- Has limited lane coverage
- Its efficiency is subject to weather,. Tubes are easily damaged or
vandalized.
- Not efficient in measuring low speed flows.
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 12
Pneumatic Tubes; Automatic Axle Counters

Slang Ventil Fäste Slang Ventil Fäste

3,3m 3, 3m
100 M

Tryckomvandlare
4 - pol kabel
4 - pol kabel

Kopplingsdosa
74

Styrapparat
Kopplings
4 - polkabel
dosa
44

Nätkabel

7 - pol kabel Kopplingsdosa

7 - pol kabel

74

Batterikabel 4 - pol kabel Relädetektor

Extra
Batteri

Datalogg Videokabel Mätvagn

Laddare 220 v

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 13

In road detectors
 Piezoelectric Detectors:
• Are metal strips placed on or near the
road surface of the lane monitored.
• The metal strips is able to transform
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• In essence, the sensors become
transducers and measure the degree of
electric polarization each time a vehicle
wheel rolls over them.
• These detectors are used for vehicle
detection, counting, and classification.

Can measure weight and speed

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 14
Inductive –loop detector system

Inductive-loop detectors sense the presence of a conductive

metal object by inducing electrical currents in the object. The
induced current decreases the loop inductance, which is
sensed by the inductive-loop electronics unit. The electronics
unit interprets the decreased inductance as a vehicle
detection and sends an appropriate call to the controller.
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 17
Inductive loops- In road detectors
LOOP DETECTORS:
• Inductive loop detectors (ILD) consist of one or more loops of
wire embedded in the pavement and connected to a control box
• When a vehicle passes over or rests on the loop, the inductance
of the loop is reduced showing the presence of a vehicle. 
• Inductive loops or inductive loop detectors, can be single
or double loop. They can provide following data:

Single loop: Double loop, standard:

• Traffic flow • Traffic flow
• Time headway or time gap • Occupancy
• Occupancy • Time headway or time gap
• Speed (asssuming average • Speed
vehicle length)
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 18
Inductive Detectors
• Sense change in inductance of inductive loop caused by the
presence of a vehicle
• Flexible; various types and configurations
– Single loop detectors
– Double loop detectors
– presence; passage

• Measures
– Passage of a vehicle
– Occupancy times
– Speeds

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 19

Conventional Loop Detector System Configuration

Loop
Detector
Card Field
Lead Controller

Phone
Line
TMC
Interface
FEP (front end processor)

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 20

Double Loop Detectors

Detector 1 Detector 2

Lv Ld Ld
D

signal
1

0
t1 t2 t3 t4

• Speed: u = D/(t3 – t1)

• Length:
– u = (Ld + Lv)/tocc-i i =1, 2  solve for Lv
– Lv = u* tocc-i - Ld
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 21
Single Loop Detectors
signal

0
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6

total occupied time

• Occupancy: o  *100 = 100[(t -t ) + (t -t ) + (t -t ) + … ] / T
total observation time 6 5 4 3 2 1

• Volume: q = number of changes from 0 to 1 / T

Lv Ld

• Speed: Vehicle length not known  average

length Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 22
Occupancy

• Ratio of occupied time to total observation time, expressed as

a percent, is termed ‘lane occupancy’, denoted by o.

total occupied time

o * 100
total observation time

Occupancy vs Flow
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 23
Density

• Density can be estimated from occupancy o:

ˆ o 5280
k *
100 Lv  Ld
Where:
Lv: the average vehicle length
Ld: the detector zone length

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 24

Functions

• Presence detector
– generate output signals as long as the detected object is in
the influence zone
– long loops
– series of small

• Passage detectors
– generates a short duration output signal based on arrival
or motion of the detected vehicle
– small loops are used (6 feet X 6 feet)
• may be square, diamond, octagon, or circles

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 25

Principal Components of Loop Detectors

Inductive-loop detector : contains a 3-turn 6- x 6-ft (1.8- x 1.8-m)

square loop and connecting wire and cable. The loop is centered in a
12-ft (3.7 m) roadway, 3 ft (0.9 m) from either side.
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 26
Double Loop Detectors

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 27

 Inductive loops

Vehicle signals

Loop detection: A vehicle passes over the loop changes its inductivity, the
resonant circuit (%) is measurable classification of signal shape (signature), I, V

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 28

Vehicle Signature

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 29

Typical Detector Design: Intersections

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 30

Loops presence

Bus Detectors
Radio frequency transmitters
Loop Detectors
Curbside unit

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 31

Detectors for Ramp Metering

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 32

Special Purpose Detectors

• Used in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

– Automatic Vehicle Identification/Electronic Toll
– Bus and emergency vehicle pre-emption
– Over-height vehicles for underpass
– Over-weight vehicles
– Buses
Fire
Station

* *
Fire truck sends
out signal to
Controller will either cut red phase short or will
controller
lengthen the green phase to allow the fire truck
through the intersection
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 33
Inductive loops- In road detectors
INDUCTIVE LOOP DETECTORS (ILD):

BENEFITS:
• ILD when properly installed and maintained continues to be the best
in all weather, all light condition sensor for many applications.
• Most consistently accurate detector in terms of vehicle counts.
• performs well in both high and low volume.

DRAWBACKS:
• The loop detector system, may suffer from poor reliability when loops
are installed in poor pavement or in areas where utilities frequently dig
up the roadbed. 
• Sources of loop malfunction such as stuck sensors can produce erroneous
data and may lead to inaccurate detection.
• Another disadvantage of loops is their inability to directly measure speed.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 34

 In road detectors
 MAGNETOMETER:
The magnetometer uses magnetic anomaly detection.
• It is an in-road sensor that picks up the magnetic disturbances
in the earth's field as a vehicle passes over.
• The magnetometer is normally used where the only
information required is vehicle presence.
• Do not emit any magnetic field, differently from inductive loops;
they are therefore passive.
• It exhibits excellent detection rates, and is effective for counting vehicles.
• Robust and weather resistant
Advantage
•The magnetometer is often used in place of loops Disadvantage
on bridge decks, where inductive loop detectors •Difficult to achieve high
cannot be installed, and in heavily reinforced detection rate because of
pavement, where steel adversely affects loop complex sensor signals
performance. •Limited bicycle detection
•Minimal impact on road surface, lifetime > 10 years •Low classification accuracy

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 35

Weigh In Motion (WIM)

Weigh In Motion allow the complete continuous check of the

circulating traffic in terms of :
- Number
- Typology It enables to estimate the number of passengers on a
vehicle through the ground loading of the means
- Axial load detected before and after the stops once the dead
weight with driver and an estimate on the fuel in the tank
are known.

Source: prof. B.Dalla Chiara, 2012 Politecnico di Torino, Dept DIATI-Trnasport Eng.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 36

Road side detectors
Radar Detectors
• Operate on the Doppler effect, as a microwave signal is
emitted by the detector and reflected back by approaching
vehicles
• Sense the frequency of the microwave change in the reflected
energy and obtain vehicle speed from the signal
• Newly developed detectors
– Detect moving vehicles as well as stopped vehicles
– Cover single or multiple lanes
– Provide instantaneous speed information
• Angle ~ 200 (for single vehicle)

Scanning infrared laser radar two-

beam pattern across a traffic lane

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 37

Road side detectors, con.
Radar
• Remote Traffic
• Microwave Sensor
• (RTMS)
• Sidefire
• Overhead: facing approaching traffic

Advantage
• Not affected by weather or lighting
• Relatively inexpensive
• Sidefire with high count accuracy
• Ruggedized for the environment
• Flexible mounting requirements
• Covers up to 8 lanes within 210 ft
• Low maintenance requirements
• Flexibility in moving detection zones
Disadvantage
• Potential signal reflection problems
• Sidefire speed accuracy is marginal
• Overhead mount only covers one
lane
• Occlusion is a consideration
• DOS user-interface

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 38

 Road side detectors, con.
 INFRARED DETECTORS :
Passive IR detectors measure energy emitted by objects in their
field view. Active laser IRs detector (AIR) ;
Passive IRs detector (PIR) ; • emit radiation, which is
They detect vehicle presence by reflected by the vehicle .
measuring the difference in emitted • Active infrared is used in measuring
energy (i.e. temperature) from the vehicle emissions, military
road and vehicles. targeting, aircraft obstacle
•Measure volume, occupancy and avoidance, and spacecraft docking.
presence information . • Measure presence, volume, speed,
•Have difficulty to measure speed occupancy, and classification
information in day and night
conditions.
Advantage Disadvantage
• maintenance free These sensors are very expensive
• Not sensible to light Weather can have adverse effects
• Wide range on its operation.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 39

 Road side detectors, con.
MICROWAVE DETECTORS:
Microwave detectors fall in two categories:

 RADAR DEVICES: (Pulse Microwave)

• Radar devices measure the time it takes for
a portion of the microwave radiation to be reflected from the
target area to a receiver.
• Radar devices are able to count vehicles, measure speed and
detect vehicle presence.

BENEFITS:
• Insensitive to weather.
• Provide day and night operation.
• Perform best on fairly open roads.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 40

 Road side detectors, con.
MICROWAVE DETECTORS:
 DOPPLER DEVICES: (Continuous Microwave Devices)
• Doppler devices output a continuous signal to the detection zone
• Use the Doppler principle to analyze the change in frequency of the reflected signal
to calculate the speed of the vehicle.
• Stationary vehicles can not be detected with this wave form.

Advantage Disadvantage
• Microwave systems provide a cost-effective • At very small angles respective
alternative to loops for vehicle presence to travel direction; difficulties
detection. recognizing vehicles, at very
• They are small, lightweight and easier to install large angles increasing
than loops, and they can operate over a long measure inaccuracies.
range.
• Their size, low cost and low power consumption
makes them well suited for surveillance both at
intersections and on freeways.
• Error by measure <1% over 50km/h and <0.5
km/h under 50 km/h
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 41
Radar sensor data, an example

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 42

Radar sensor data, an example

• Collected by motorway control system (MCS)

• More than 1000 sensors (1 per lane)
• Located on E4 motorway
• Record has the following fields:
– Timestamp: sensor reading timestamp
– Detector id: unique id of detector
– Flow: nr of vehicles passing per minute
– Mean speed: average speed per minute

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 43

ULTRASOUND DETECTORS:
ULTRASONIC DETECTORS:
There are two types of these detectors:

 PULSED-DOPPLER ULTRASOUND:
• These sensors operate on the same principles as Doppler radar, except that
they emit sound waves with frequencies between 20 and 200 KHz, which
are above the human audible range.
• They can measure speed, occupancy, presence, and, in some configurations,
queue length.

DRAWBACKS:
Because of the complexity of the returns from moving vehicles, the effective
range of the sensor (around 40ft) is smaller than the microwave detectors.
Because ultrasonic waves propagate through the air, they are subject to
attenuation and distortion from a number of environmental factors including
changes in ambient temperature, air turbulence, and humidity.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 44

ULTRASOUND DETECTORS:
 PULSED ULTRA SOUND:
• Vehicle profiling can be achieved by installing a pulsed ultrasonic detector
above the roadway.
• Ultrasound (16to 35 kHz) are sent, reflected and received again; time
intervals are measured from which the vehicle profile, speed and length are
determined (analogous to anautical sonar)

BENEFITS:
• Excellent classification performance can be achieved for most vehicle types.
• Ultrasound detectors have no moving parts so they tend to be reliable,
durable and require little maintenance.
• They are also small and can be sited permanently or used as a portable unit.

DRAWBACKS:
• Air turbulence and temperature adversely affect performance.
• They have difficulty in differentiating between cars and vans.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 45

 Acoustic
• This detector is usually configurated as a vertical array of
microphones, which ” listen” to noise producted by
approching vehicles.
• The time delay between the arrival of sound at the upper
and lower microphones changes with time as the vehicle
emitting the sound passes under it.
• Vehicles ate tracked using cross.correlation between phones.

Advantage
Disadvantage
• low Life-cycle cost
• Bridge and tunnel applications
• Covers five lanes
• low temperature, fog and rain affects its
• Low power requirements
performance
• Wireless communication
• Needs speed calibration algorithm
potential
• Inteference between the noise of multiple vehicle
• Sensitive to distance from lanes

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 46

Road side detectors

VIDEO IMAGE DETECTION

SYSTEM:

• Video image detection systems

(VIDS) employ machine vision
technology to automatically analyze
traffic data collected with Closed
Circuit Television (CCTV) systems.
• VIDS can be used to monitor freeway conditions,
• arterials and intersections, detect incidents and
• classify vehicles.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 47

Road side detectors, con.

VIDEO IMAGE DETECTION SYSTEM:

BENEFITS:
• VIDS has the capability for wide area detection, usually
several lanes for one camera.
• Rapid incident detection. Identification of the incident
type, the level of gravity and what type of intervention is
needed.
• Vehicle classification, intersection monitoring, signal
actuation and license plate reading.
• Collection and potential analysis of traffic and incident
data.
• Enhanced installation safety & Integration with other
existing surveillance technologies & with other
management strategies such as variable message signs
& adaptive ramp metering control.
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 48
 Video Imaging
Video recognition on video images through characteristics-based segmentation:
 Background
 Image difference processing Examples:

 Optical flow  Autoscope (US)

 Traficon (Belgium)
 stereoscopy
 Grayscal analysis
Disadvantage:
• Cost is high for some
applications
Advantage: • Higher maintenance than
• Provides view of
some systems
road during • Complexity may limit
operation accuracy
• Each camera can a •
Camera needs to be
cover wide area mounted over lanes
• Flexibility in moving •
Occlusion may still be a
detection zones problem
• May result in privacy
concerns
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 49
Video Imaging

Controller

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 50

Travel time data (ANPR)

• Collected by automated number plate recognition system

(ANPR)
• travel time between two cameras captures
• The format of the data is as follows:
– measure_site_ref: refers to the (destination) camera
– passage_time: the travel time in seconds
– measure_time: timestamp of measurement
– exit_time: timestamp when the NP is detected by the first
camera
– arrival_time: timestamp when the NP is detected by the
second camera

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 51

ANPR routes and cameras

City Centre

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 52

ANPR routes and cameras

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 53

Video Image Processing System (VIPS)

• Research was conducted in the mid 1970’s by the University of

Minnesota
– Camera, digitizer, formatter, interface, electronics,
microprocessor and power supply was used
– Theory: one camera to replace numerous detectors
• 1970’s and 80’s
– Japan, UK, Germany, Sweden and France used VIPs
successfully
Video Image Detection

• Algorithm for generating both presence and

passage detection and speed
• Problems:
– Shadows
– Lighting (illumination) change
– Reflection (camera difficulties)
– Weather

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 55

Advanced Parking management Systems (APMS)

Advanced parking management systems (APMS), help

travelers find parking spots quickly, thereby reducing
frustration and enhancing a visitor's overall experience.

Types of advanced parking management systems:

- Pre-trip parking information systems can be as low-tech as
publishing a map of available parking facilities.
- pre-trip parking information provided over the Internet
- navigation systems that provide turn-by-turn directions all
the way to an individual parking space

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 56

Advanced Parking management Systems (APMS)

When planning advanced parking management systems, two main

decisions need to be considered:

-“What type of system will count the

number of vehicles in the facility?”
-“How will the various components of
the system communicate with each other?”

There are two types of counting systems:

- Entry/exit counters
- Space occupancy detectors

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 57

Advanced Parking management Systems (APMS)

• Entry/exit counters can use one of the following :

- Traditional induction loop counters can be employed where surfaces and
anticipated weather treatments support their application

- Ultrasonic counting devices installed in the

surface of the roadway. These devices can
be powered by long-life batteries and can
communicate using a radio frequency (RF)
transmitter.

- Video detection technologies similar to

those used in actuated traffic signal
control may be considered

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 58

Advanced Parking management Systems
(APMS)
Ultrasonic Detector (UD)

takes use of ultrasonic wave to detect

the car space to see if it is occupied by
vehicles and transfer relative
command to Automatic parking system
(LED) indicator which will turn from
green to RED when occupied, or it will
keep GREEN;

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 59

Advanced Parking management Systems (APMS)

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 60

Vehicle trajectories

Vehicle trajectories contain rich information about traffic flow and the
microscopic behaviors, such as:
- Car-following
- Lane-changing

An example tracking result.

The objective of studying these parameters is:

- To evaluate or tune the parameters of the car-following models for the
simulation tools,
- study the relationship between lane changing and traffic congestion.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 61

Vehicle trajectories

Trajectories plotted lane

by lane using vehicle
detection and tracking
system based on a
model-based 3-D
vehicle description
algorithm.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 62

 Type of data provided by the count technologies

e:Martin, P.T., Feng, Y., Wang, X., Detector Technology Evaluation, Technical Report, Utah Transportation Center, 2003.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 63

Pros and Cons with respect to in-situ technologies

Fixed sensors
+ -

High experience, high Expensive to install and maintain

potential and quality Limited coverage (major freeways
and highways)
Mature technologies
Low travel time accuracy
Accurate traffic flow and
speed Low precision for urban areas
(traffic interruptions, etc.)
No car positioning error
(point location) Can be affected by bad weather
conditions
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 64
Project work Gasverksvägen- Fiskartorpsvägen
Evaluation of Unsignalized intersection

TASK A. DATA COLLECTION

TASK B. DATA PROCESSING
 Traffic flows at various locations
 Speeds and travel times
 Vehicle composition
 Queue lengths
 Delays
 Headway distribution
 Conflicts
 Gaps
TASK C. EVALUATION OF PERFOMANCE
TASK E. FINAL REPORT

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 65

Localization of measuring equipment

K1, V1
Data Collection
The data collection will be carried
out using the following:

•Handheld boards and data logger

D1
(manual measurements)
Q2

•Pneumatic tubes and data loggers

K3
(automated data collection)
D2

•Remotely controlled video

(automated data collection)

•Manual recording of queue length

Q1
around point K3
K2, V2

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 66

Configuration for stations K1 and K2

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 67

API software to produce a file with the following format:

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 68

Measurement of travel time

K1, V1

Location of K1 and K2

K2, V2
Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 69
Measurement of turning movements

push buttons boxes

Data logg box

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 70

Measuring queues in section Q1 and Q2

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 71

Measuring of delay
Queue profile
10 IN profile
average flow

1 n
(vehicles per 4

d   N i  30
seconds)

0 time
1 cycle

Q i 1
red green red Max back of
queue:
Vehicles in
queue Queue-clears
time

Departures
Queue profile
cumulative
inflow
Väg and outflow
Arrivals

Ideell
hastighet

Ideell färdtid Fördröjning Tid

Total färdtid

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 72

Trafik Stockholm

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 76

Demos

• animation:
 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gTKGUutijo&feature=playe
r_embedded

• Stockholm taxis online:

 http://tec-infostream.abe.kth.se:8080/mapviz/floatingcar#

• KTH iMobility Lab

www.imobilitylab.se

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 77

 Traffic Monitoring

Complex traffic systems play an

important role in the modern society. It
is a challenge for traffic system
planners to establish an intelligent
traffic monitoring system for traffic
management to prevent traffic
congestion.

At busy intersections, the

traffic surveillance requires high-
bandwidth communication over a long
distance while withstanding heavy duty
usage and harsh conditions

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 78

 Traffic monitoring for parking Lot
Wireless communication technology can
provide  operators with real-time
information to handle
emergency situations.

The system integrator connected

real network through
access-points devices.

The signals connected to the RES 3242 GC

access point and these signals are

used to show available parking spaces.

An example: The wireless

communication technology
implemented in Finland, spring 2008

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 79

Intelligent Transportation -Tunnel Monitoring System
An example of deploying in tunnel monitoring system from middle to east of
China for fast pass.  The total length of highway is about to 170 km.
In order to maintain, control and monitor tunnel status, intelligent system
were implemented providing the secure and reliable transportation system.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 80

AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Example of Air quality monitoring is the E-MOTE. It is a pervasive sensor

device or “mote” capable of measuring air quality and relaying data via
wireless communications to a central server.

It can easily deployed by fixing to lamp posts or similar street furniture at

a height of 2.5m plus and up to 80-100m apart. The network can contain
up to 100 motes in an area of 1km and communicate via a central
Gateway to the server in station.
It is important that the units are designed for all weather conditions with a
continual power supply provided by solar cells & internal battery.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 81

BLUETOOTH JOURNEY TIME MONITORING SYSTEM

Blue tooth time monitoring

system
can directly & accurately
measure
vehicle & pedestrian journey
times using low-cost, non-
intrusive technology in a sealed
unit suitable for roadside
operation

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 82

CYCLE & PEDESTRIAN MONITORING

- Piezo-electric sensor technology are used to detect bicycles

in either dedicated cycle ways or mixed traffic lanes

- Pyroelectric infra red sensors to detect pedestrians.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 83

References
A. A. SHAFIE, M. H. ALI*, FADHLAN HAFIZ, ROSLIZAR M. ALI, 2011. SMART
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE DETECTION AND TRAFFIC
FLOW CONTROL . Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 4
(2011) 469 - 480 .

Biora F., d’Aprile F., Marinò, R., 2012. A large scale application for Bluetooth-
based travel time measurement in the Netherlands. 19th ITS World Congress,
Vienna, Austria, 22/26 October Paper Number

Leduc G., 2008. Road Traffic Data: Collection Methods and Applications .
Working Papers on Energy, Transport and Climate Change N.1. Joint Research
Centre , JRC 47967, European Commission Institute for Prospective
Technological Studies

Martin, P.T., Feng, Y., Wang, X., 2003. Detector Technology Evaluation.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah Traffic
Lab.

Advanced traffic management systems -Module 6 __6.2, Page 84

References

Antoniou, C., R. Balakrishna and H. N. Koutsopoulos, A synthesis of emerging data

collection technologies and their impact on traffic management applications.
European Transport Research Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, 139-148, 2011, doi:
10.1007/s12544-011-0058-1.

Leduc G (2008) Road traffic data: collection methods and applications. working
papers on energy, transport and climate change, JRC technical notes, European
Commission

Websites
www.trb.org.

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