Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 20

ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

FORM, CHARACTERISTICS, TYPES OF


ADJ.&ADV.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
• ADJECTIVE is a modifier that has a grammatical property of
comparison.
• It is often identified by special derivational endings, or by
special adverbial modifiers that precede it.
• TYPES OF ADJECTIVES:
1. DEMONSTRATIVE: THIS/THAT, THESE/THOSE
2. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: MY, YOUR, HIS/HER
3. NUMERAL ADJ.: CARDINAL (FOUR, TWENTY-FIVE), ORDINAL
(FOURTH, SIXTH)
4. ADJ. OF INDEFINITE QUANTITY: SOME, ANY, ALL
5. RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE ADJ.: WHOSE,WHAT
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
6. DESCRIPTIVE ADJ. (usually indicate quantity, or a physical state
such as: age, size, color).
- Some DESCRIPTIVE ADJ. take the form of:
a) PROPER ADJ.: a Chatolic church, a French dish
b) PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES:
1. PRESENT PARTICIPLE: an interesting book
2. PAST PARTICIPLE: a tired housewife
c) ADJECTIVE COMPOUNDS:
3. WITH PARTICIPLES
- Present participle: a good-looking girl
- Past participle: a turned-up nose
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
2. WITH –ED SUFFIX added to nouns functioning as
the second element of a compound: absent-
minded, ill-tempered.
• FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVES:
Adjectives modify a noun, or a pronoun.
- Adjectives modifying a noun: a SMALL boy
(atributively)
- Adjectives modifying a pronoun: everybody e+
ELSE, he is SMALL.
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
• POSITION OF ADJECTIVES:
1. PRE-POSITION: before a noun head: a TALL man
2. POST-POSITION: court-MARITAL,
3. AFTER THE LINKING VERBS: BE, SEEM, APPEAR,LOOK:
The boy is TALL
4. AFTER CERTAIN VERBS AND THEIR OBJECTS, AS OBJECT
COMPLEMENTS: All his friends considered him
INTELLIGENT
5. IN SPECIAL VERB-ADJECTIVE COMBINATIONS THAT
EXPRESS A STATE: hold TIGHT, stand STILL, open WIDE.
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
• FORMS OF ADJECTIVES:
a) INFLECTIONAL FORMS:
- DEMONSTRATIVES have two separate forms for sg. and
pl. (two different forms)
- DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES have special forms only for
comparison: -er/-est
- THERE ARE PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES when
inflectional suffixes are added: y>i: happy-happier, the
happiest); doubling of final consonant: big-bigger-the
biggest; final E is dropped: large-larger-the largest.
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
• DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES are usually added to
nouns, or verbs:
a) Suffixes changing NOUNS to adjectives: -i (al),
-ar, -ary/-ery,-ed, -en, -esque, -ful, -ic (al),
-less, -like, -ly, -ous, -ward, -wide, -y, etc.
b) Suffixes changing VERBS into adjectives:
-able/-ible, -ent/ant, -ed, -ile, -ing, -ive, -at
(ory).
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
• ADVERBS
• Types of adverbs classified by MEANING:
a) MANNER ADVERBS (with the most characteristic adverbial
form -LY ending: quickly, neatly, happily, etc.
b) PLACE AND DIRECTION ADVERBS: here, outside, left, stright,
etc.
• TIME ADVERBS:
a) DEFINITE TIME, a fixed boundary in time: yesterday, today,
etc. Some of them have NOUN FORMS: He works NIGHTS and
sleeps DAYS;
b) INDEFINITE TIME, NO FIXED BOUNDARY:
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
1. Words like: RECENTLY, NOWADAYS, JUST, ALREADY;
2. Words denoting sequence in time: NOW, THEN, BEFORE, AFTER;
3. Words denoting frequency: ALWAYS, OFTEN, SOMETIMES,
NEVER.
• INTENSIFAYING ADVERBS:
a) ADVERBS OF DEGREE (QUANTIFIERS), denoting ‘’how much’’:
VERY, TOO, QUITE, EXTREMELY;
b) ADVERBS OF DEGREE, denoting ‘’how complete’’: ALMOST,
ENTIRELY, NEARLY, PARTIALY:
1. DEGREE OF COMPLETION WITH RESPECT TO VERBS
2. DEGREE OF COMPLETION WITH RESPECT TO ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
c) DISTINGUISHING ADVERBS (EMPHASIZERS): ESPECIALLY,
EXACTLY, MERELY...
• TYPES OF ADVERBS CLASSIFIED BY FUNCTION:
a) SENTENCE ADVERBS – they modify the whole
sentence: FORTUNATELY, PRESUMABLY, ACTUALLY;
- Most of them have –LY form like MANNER ADVERBS,
but they reflect the independent opinion of the
speaker;
- Many words ending in –ED + -LY are SENTENCE
ADVERBS: UNEXPECTEDLY, DECIDEDLY;
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
b) CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS – they establish a relationship
between one sentence, or clause and the preceding
sentence, or clause;
- They indicate relationships like: RESULT (THEREFORE,
ACCORDINGLY), ADDITION (MOREOVER, BESIDES),
CONTRAST (HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS), CONDITION
(OTHERWISE), TIME (THEN);
c) EXPLANATORY ADVERBS – they illustrate, or
ennumerate: NAMELY, FOR EXAMPLE, AS, I.E., E.G., etc.
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
d) RELATIVE/INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS: WHEN, WHERE, WHY,
HOW:
1. RELATIVE ADVERBS introduce adjective clauses (relative clauses)
2. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS (in questions; in noun clauses derived
from questions)
- Exclamatory adverb HOW: ‘’How beautiful she is!’’
• POSITION OF ADVERBS:
a) INITIAL POSITION (before the subject) – position of the greatest
emphasis
b) MID-POSITION (with the verb) – position of close modification of
the verb
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
c) FINAL POSITION (after the verb + object, or other
complement).
• FORMS OF ADVERBS:
a) INFLECTIONAL FORMS: Adverbs have inflectional
forms only for comparison
ADV. OF MANNER (mostly one-syllable adverbs), ADV. OF
TIME, ADVERBS OF DISTANCE&DIRECTION are usually
compared by adding : -ER, -EST.
The –LY ADVERBS OF MANNER are compared by the use
of : MORE, THE MOST.
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
b) DERIVATIONAL FORMS:
Most ADVERBS OF MANNER, many SENTENCE ADVERBS, and
some ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY AND DEGREE are formed by
adding derivational suffix –LY to a DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE;
- Adjectives that already end in –LY are often used in
unchanged form as ADVERBS
• Some spelling rules:
1. Final –Y preceded by a consonant is changed into – I (happy
– happily)
2. With ADJECTIVES ending in: -BLE, -PLE,-DLE, the –LE is
dropped before –ly: POSSIBLE – POSSIBLY, SIMPLE - SIMPLY
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
3. With ADJECTIVES ending in: -IC, -AL is added before –LY:
BASIC – BASICALLY
4. With ADJECTIVES ending in silent –E, the –E must be
retained before –LY: EXTREMELY, ENTIRELY, SINCERELY
5. With ADJECTIVES ending in –L, the –L must be retained
before –LY: BEAUTIFULLY, ACCIDENTALLY, TOTALLY.
- DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES other than -LY for ADVERBS
are: WARD (S) (BACKWARD(S);WISE (OTHERWISE)
- There is one DERIVATIONAL PREFIX THAT SIGNALS
ADVERBS: -A (APART, APIECE, ALONG, AHEAD).
EXERCISES: ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
1. Indicate by ADJ if the final word of the sentence
is an ADJECTIVE, or by ADV if it is ADVERB:
a) The sun burnt the grass QUICKLY.
b) We can make breakfast EARLY.
c) We shall leave the room EMPTY.
d) Pull the rope HARD.
e) We found the people FRIENDLY.
f) What made my bed so HARD?
EXERCISES
2. The manner in which something is done can be expressed
with –LY adverbs. Change the following sentences using
an –LY adverb:
a) Her action was STUPID.
b) Her singing was BAD.
c) Her jugement (of distance )was CORRECT.
d) Her speaking (of German) is BAD.
e) Her walk was CARELESS.
f) Her speech was ANGRY.
g) His playing (of tennis) is MAGNIFICENT.
EXERCISES
3. Give the COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE
OF:
Big difficult rude bad good
Much easy old hot expensive
4. Make ADJECTIVES from the following (use
suffixes only):
Friend sleep anger critic
Mystery glamour attract salt
EXERCISES
5. Are the word in capital letters right, or wrong? Correct the ones that are
wrong:
a) I am tired because I have been working HARD.
b) I tried HARD to remember her name, but I could not.
c) This coat is practically unused. I have HARDLY worn it,
d) She is a good tennis player. She hits the ball HARDLY.
e) Do not walk so FAST! I can not keep up with you!
f) Why are you walking so SLOW? Are you tired?
6. Put the right word:
c) The driver of the car was _____________injured (SERIOUS/SERIOUSLY)
d) The driver of the car had a ______________(SEROUS/SERIOUSLY) injury.
EXERCISES
c) I think you behaved very
________(SELFISH/SELFISLY)
d) Rose is __________upset about losing her job
(TERRIBLE/TERRIBLY)
e) There was a _________change in the weather
(SUDDEN/SUDDENLY).

Вам также может понравиться