STRUCTURAL DESIGN

PRACTICE
CONFINED MASONRY CONCEPT

Submitted to :

Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Sb

Submitted By :

Shahid Zaman

2K19-MSC-PT-STR-17 1
 What is Confined Masonry (CM) Construction
• CM construction consists of masonry walls and horizontal and vertical
RC confining members built on all four sides of a masonry wall panel.

Key Components of a Confined Masonry (CM) Building

• Masonry walls : made either of clay brick or concrete block units

• Confining Elements :
• Vertical ties : (Tie-columns or Practical
columns) 3
 What is Confined Masonry (CM) Construction
• CM construction consists of masonry walls and horizontal and vertical
RC confining members built on all four sides of a masonry wall panel.

Key Components of a Confined Masonry (CM) Building

• Masonry walls : made either of clay brick or concrete block units

• Confining Elements :
• Vertical ties : (Tie-columns or Practical
columns) 4
What is Confined Masonry (CM) Construction

CONFINED MASONRY

5
Confined Masonry Construction 6
What is Confined Masonry (CM) Construction

CONFINED MASONRY

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 Structural Components of a Confined Masonry (CM) Building

• Confining Elements : Provide restraint to masonry walls and protect them from
complete disintegration even in major EQs.

• Confining members are effective in

• Enhancing the stability and integrity of masonry walls for IP & OOP EQ Loads
• Enhancing the strength (resistance) of masonry walls under EQ loads
• Reducing the brittleness of masonry walls under EQ loads

• Masonry walls : Transmit the gravity load from the slab(s) above down to the foundation.
The walls act as bracing panels, which resist horizontal EQ. forces. Must be confined by
concrete ties

• Floor and Roof Slabs : acts as diaphragms, transmit gravity and lateral loads to the walls

• Plinth Band : Transmits the load from the walls down to the foundation.

• Foundation : Transmits the loads from the structure to the soils

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 Construction Masonry (CM) – Global Context
• Evolved through informal process based on performance in earthquake
• Practiced in central and south American countries since as early as 1930’s and 40’s
• Currently practiced in several countries of high seismic risks- Latin,
America, Mediterranean Europe, Iran, Indonesia, China and in India (late comer)
• CM if Properly built, shows satisfactory performance in severe earthquakes in the past

• 1985 Mexico earthquake (M8.0)

• 2001 La paz earthquake (elsalvador) (M7.7)
• 2004 Sumtra earthquake (Indonesia) (M9.0)
• 2007 Pisco earthquake (Peru) (M8.0)
• 2010 Chile earthquake (M8.8) and others

• Confined masonry network established in 2008 under WHE with two objectives
• To improve design and construction of CM where is currently in use
• To introduce CM in areas where it can reduce seismic risks

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 Confined Masonry in Nepal - Context
• Construction of reinforced concrete frame and masonry wall is trending in cities and towns

• Heavy damage observed in those construction in the last earthquake even in low PGA and
spectral acceleration

• Non-ductile RC frame construction

• Unreinforced masonry walls vulnerable to lateral loading

• The presence of wall is in RC construction is not utilized as well as

the consequence of irregularity is overlooked

 Confined masonry construction provides opportunity for improved performance in

earthquake utilizing constriction from both RC and masonry components [technologies
which require similar (preferably lower) level of construction skills and are
economically viable]
 Its simple in design and analogues to conventional construction of RC frame with walls
11
(EXTENSIVE ENGINEERING INPUT NOT REQUIRED)
 Reinforced Masonry vs. Confined Masonry

• Reinf. Enhance strength, Stability

• Corners, T-junction, additional Location

Reinforced Concrete Frame Construction
1
3
RC frame with URM infill vs. Confined Masonry

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RC frame with URM infill vs. Confined Masonry
 Integrity of wall and frame

 Construction sequence

Frame first, Wall later Wall first, Column/Beams later

Source : Tom Schacher

 Seismic Performance of CM

Confined masonry construction is found in countries/regions with

very high seismic risk,

• Latin America (Mexico, Chile, Peru, Argentina),

• Mediterranean Europe (Italy, Slovenia),

• South Asia (Indonesia), and the Far East (China).

• In some countries (e.g. Italy) for almost 100 years

• If properly built, shows satisfactory seismic performance

 Seismic Performance of CM

Oaxaca quake,
September 1999

Tecomán earthquake,
January 2003
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 Seismic Performance of CM
Confined masonry construction has been exposed to several
destructive earthquakes:
• 1985 Lloleo, Chile (magnitude 7.8)
• 1985 Mexico City, Mexico (magnitude 8.0)
• 2001 El Salvador (magnitude 7.7)
• 2003 Tecoman, Mexico (magnitude 7.6)
• 2007 Pisco, Peru (magnitude 8.0)
• 2003 Bam, Iran (magnitude 6.6)
• 2004 The Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami, Indonesia
(magnitude 9.0)
• 2007 Pisco, Peru (magnitude 8.0)
• 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake (magnitude 8.8)
• 2010 Haiti earthquake (magnitude 7.0)

Confined masonry buildings performed very well in these major

earthquakes – some buildings were damaged, but no human losses
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 Seismic Performance of CM

A six-storey confined
masonry building
remained undamaged in
the August 2007 Pisco,
Peru earthquake
(Magnitude 8.0) while
many other masonry
buildings experienced
severe damage or
collapse

Confined Masonry Performe d Very Well in Past

Earthquak es
How Confined Masonry Buildings Resist Earthquake Effects
 How Confined Masonry Buildings Resist Earthquake Effects

 Toothing : Monolithic action

 Horizontal Reinforcement
How Confined Masonry Buildings Resist Earthquake Effects

Mechanism of shear resistance for a confined masonry wall panel

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 How Confined Masonry Buildings Resist Earthquake Effects

Confined Masonry Building : Vertical Truss Model (left) and Collapse at the
Ground Floor Level (right)

 Masonry : Diagonal Struts

 RC : Tension/compression
 Cracking at G.F. (soft story) : horizontal reinforcement 24
 How Confined Masonry Buildings Resist Earthquake Effects

Figure 8. Critical regions in a confined masonry building: a) a general diagram

showing critical regions in the RC tie-columns

 Masonry : Diagonal Struts

 RC : Tension/compression
 Cracking at G.F. (soft story) : horizontal reinforcement 24
 How Confined Masonry Buildings Resist Earthquake Effects…

Failure modes characteristic of CM Walls :

• Shear Failure Mode (due to IP Seismic Loads)

• Flexural Failure Mode (due to OOP Loads)

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How Confined Masonry Buildings Resist Earthquake Effects…

Shear Failure Mode (due to IP Seismic Loads)

Flexural Failure Mode (due to OOP Loads) 29

Key Factors Influencing Seismic Resistance of CM Structures

• Wall Density : Strength

• Masonry Units and Mortar :

(Stronger)

• Tie -Columns : (Ductility &

Stability)

• Horizontal Wall Reinforcement

• Openings : 10% , Load path,

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 Key Factors Influencing Seismic Resistance of CM Structures…

Horizontal Wall Reinforcement

The walls with larger

openings develop diagonal
cracks

Failure modes in the confined masonry walls with openings

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Damages in Confined Masonry in Past
Earthquakes
 Damage Observation: Topics
1.Masonry damage (in-and out-of-plane)

2. RC tie-columns

3.Tie-beam-to-tie-column joints

4.Confining elements around openings

In-plane shear failure of masonry walls at the
base level - hollow clay blocks
(Cauquenes)
In-plane shear failure of masonry walls at the
base level - hollow clay blocks
(Cauquenes)

37
 Out-of-Plane Wall
Damage

• An example of out-of-plane
damage observed in a three-storey
building
• The damage concentrated at the
upper floor levels
• The building had concrete floors
• and timber truss roof
• The same building suffered severe
Damage at the in-plane damage
2nd floor level
Tie-Column
Failure
Buckling of a Tie-Column due to the Toe
Crushing

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Shear Failure of RC Tie-
Columns

41
Inadequate Anchorage of Tie-Beam
Reinforcement
Deficiencies in Tie-Beam – to -Tie – Column
Joint Reinforcement Detailing

43
Absence of Confining Elements at the
Openings

44
In-Plane Shear Cracking – the Effect of
Confinement

Unconfined openings Confined openings 45

 Key Causes of Damage in CM
1.Inadequate wall density

2. Poor quality of masonry materials and construction

3.Inadequate detailing of reinforcement in confining

elements

4.Absence of confining elements at openings

5.Geotechnical issues
General Planning and Design
Aspects
• Architectural Guideline

• Construction Guideline
 Architectural Guideline

1. Plan Shape : Rectangular

NO
YES

IRREGULAR
SYMMENTRICAL
 Architectural
Guideline
2. Plan Shape : Length-to-width ratio less than 4 times

YES
NO

POORLY PROPORTIONED PLAN WELL PROPORTIONED PLAN

 Architectural
Guideline
3. Walls should be in a symmetrical

NO YES

INADEQUATE PLAN : LAYOUT ADEQUATE SHAPE

 Architectural
Guideline
4. Walls should be continuous up the building height

NO YES

LOAD PATH NOT CLEAR LOAD PATH CLEAR

 Architectural
Guideline
5. Opening : same position up the building height
#Vertical ties : At both sides ( if opening <1.5 Sq.m.) (To
produce diagonal Strut Action)

NO YES

POOR LOCATION OF WINDOW GOOD LOCATION OF WINDOW

AND DOOR OPENING AND DOOR OPENING
 Architectural
Guideline
6. Confining Elements : Tie-beams at 3m vertical spacing
: Tie-columns at 4m
: Wall to wall intersection
: Free end
of a wall
 Architectural
Guideline
7. Walls : At least three fully confined walls should
be provided in each direction
YES
NO

Inadequate Wall Distribution Adequate Wall Distribution

 Architectural
Guideline
8. Walls Density : At least 5 % in each of two orthogonal
direction
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑿 − 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒃𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈

Eurocode 8 (1996)
a) At least 2% for a site with a design ground accln up
to 0.2g
b) At least 4% for a site with a design ground accln up
to 0.3g
c) At least 5% for a site with a design ground accln up
to 0.4g
 Architectural
Guideline
9.Building Height : Low-to medium-rise (Eurocode
8, 1996)

Eurocode 8 (1996)
a) Up to 4-story high for a site with a design
ground accln up to 0.2g
b) Up to 3-story high for a site with a design
ground accln up to 0.3g
c) Up to 2-story high for a site with a design ground
accln up to 0.4g
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings

𝑺𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒚 ∶ 𝑶𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒘𝒐

 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒂. 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒓𝒚 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔 𝟏. 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚

Walls Density : At least 5 % in each of two orthogonal direction

 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒂. 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒓𝒚 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔 2. Openings

59
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒂. 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒓𝒚 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔 3. Wall Spacing

• Building with Flexible floor should not exceed

4.0 m in high seismic region
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒂. 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒓𝒚 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔
4. Wall Dimensions and H/t ratios Restrictions

• Minimum wall thickness 110 mm

• H/t : less than 25, for one or two

storey

• H/L : Should not less be than 0.5

• Maximum wall height : 3 m

 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒂. 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒓𝒚 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔
5. Parapets and Gable Walls
• Parapets

• RC tie column should extent to the top : (1.2m)

• Otherwise Parapet height : 0.5m

 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
6. Toothing at the Wall – to – tie-column interface

Toothing in confined masonry walls: a) machine-made hollow units, b) hand-made solid

units, and c) provision of horizontal reinforcement when toothing is not possible. 63
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
6. Toothing at the Wall – to – tie-column interface

Toothing applications: a) recommended construction practice (S. Brzev), and b) not

recommended - absence of toothing in concrete block construction (C. Meisl). 64
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒃. Confining Elements (Tie-Columns and Tie-Beams)
𝟏. 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒃. Confining Elements (Tie-Columns and Tie-Beams)
𝟏. 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈

66
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒃. Confining Elements (Tie-Columns and Tie-Beams)
2. Minimum Dimensions
• Tie – column size : (Depth x Width) : 150 mm x t

• Tie-beam Size : same as tie-column size or tx150 mm

 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒃. Confining Elements (Tie-Columns and Tie-Beams)
3. Reinforcements
• Minimum 4 reinforcing bars for tie - column , 2 tie -
beam

• Bar size : 12 mm dia (Fe 500 or Fe 415)

• Stirrups/C-hooks : 6 mm dia @150 mm at center

It is preferred to place beam reinforcement
outside the column reinforcement cage

NO
YES

69
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒃. Confining Elements (Tie-Columns and Tie-Beams)
3. Reinforcements
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒃. Confining Elements (Tie-Columns and Tie-Beams)
3. Reinforcements
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒃. Confining Elements (Tie-Columns and Tie-Beams)
4. Construction issues

• Confining elements must be carefully constructed

• Slump : 125 mm recommended

• Concrete can be cast in three lifts when continuous is not

possible

• RC tie-columns should not be cast above the completed

portion of the wall
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
5. Foundation and Plinth Construction
• Similar as traditional masonry construction
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
5. Foundation and Plinth Construction
• Similar as traditional masonry construction
 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings

𝒄. Additional Requirements for Building with Flexible Diaphragms

 Guidelines for Non-Engineered CM Buildings
𝒅. 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚
• Construction quality has a significant bearing in
seismic performance of CM building

• Properly designed and built CM buildings performed well

in past earthquakes in most cases

• Poorly built ones experienced damage

An Example Illustrating Wall Density
Calculation
An Example Illustrating Wall Density
Calculation
Storey : two
Seismic Zone : V
Wall thickness :
110 mm

Typical Floor Plan of a Confined Masonry Building 78

An Example Illustrating Wall Density
Calculation
1. Floor area per floor = 4*9.2 = 36.8
m^2 Total floor area for 2 floors
TOTAL FLOOR AREA = 2*36.8 = 73.6
m^2

2. Wall density in the longitudinal direction

Wall area ( walls 1 & 2 only) :

Wall Area = [9.2+(9.2-1.2)]*(0.11) =

𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
1.9 m^2
𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

𝟏.
= 𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟔 = 2.6 %
𝟕𝟑.
An Example Illustrating Wall Density
Calculation
3. Wall density in the Transverse direction
Wall area ( walls A, B & C) :

Wall Area=[4.0+(4.0-1.2)+4.0-1.2]*(0.11)
= 1.1 m^2
𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟏.
𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = = 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 = 1.50 %
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝟕𝟑.
𝟔
THANK
YOU