Fundamental 2

Lec #02

Shugofa Hassani
 Session Objectives

To describe the component of an operating system.

To describe the computer system Function .
 Components of an Operating system

An Operating system has many components to manage all resources of a computer

system as following:

a system component is similar to a computer program, an end-user directly interact

with when using a computer

 Kernel
 Disk access and file systems
 User interface
 Memory Management
 Process Management
 System Resource Management
 I/O System management
 Command Interpreter system
 Protection System
 Networking
Kernel

• The kernel is a computer program that is the core of computer's operating

system, with complete control over everything in the system.
• It is one of the first programs loaded on start-up (after the boot loader).
The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a separate area of
memory.
• The kernel performs its tasks, such as running processes, managing
hardware devices such as the hard disk, and handling interrupts.

Boot Loader?
File management or / file systems

• a  file system controls how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file

system, information placed in a storage media would be one large body of
data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next
begins.

• By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the
information is easily isolated and identified.

• each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to
manage the groups of information and their names is called a "file system.
Con..

• There are many different kinds of file systems. Each one has different
structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more.

• File systems can be used on numerous different types of storage as

permanent such a hard disk as temporary such as ram.

• Windows makes use of the FAT, NTFS, exFAT, Live File System and ReFS file

systems.
Con..
• The file management component manages just about anything to do with
computer files.

• When a file is created, file management is involved in the creation of the

file, including where it is stored on a storage device. When a file is
modified, file management helps with the modification of the file. If a file
is deleted, file management is there to help with deleting the file and
freeing up the space for another file to be stored there at a later time.

• File management also handles tasks related to the creation, modification,

and deletion of folders, or directories, on a storage device.
Access Management

• The access management component is tasked with managing user access

to data on a computer.
• User accounts provide each user with specific access to software, files,
and functionality within an operating system.
• The ability to install a software program is controlled by access
management.
• Access to view, edit, and delete a file is managed by access management.
• Changing settings within the operating system is managed by access
management.
User interface
• UI, the junction between a user and a computer program. An interface is a set
of commands or menus through which a user communicates with program.

• A command-driven interface is one in which you enter commands. A menu

driven interface is one in which you select command choices from various
menus displayed on the screen.

• Generally, the goal of user interface design is to produce a user interface

which makes it easy, efficient, and enjoyable (user-friendly) to operate a
machine in the way which produces the desired result.
Types of UI:
• Command line interfaces (CLIs) prompt the user to provide input by typing
a command string with the computer keyboard and respond by outputting
text to the computer monitor. Used by technically advanced personal
computer users.

• Graphical user interfaces (GUI) accept input via devices such as a

computer keyboard and mouse and provide articulated graphical output
on the computer monitor.
Process Management
• A process is a program in execution. For example, when we write a
program in C or C++ and compile it, the compiler creates a binary code.
The original code and Binary code, both are programs. When we actually
run the binary code, it becomes a process.

• The process management component is tasked with managing the many

processes that are running on the operating system.

• Software programs each have one or more processes associated with

them when they are running. For example, when you use an Internet
browser there is a process running for that browser program.
Con …

• All of these processes are managed by process management, which keeps

processes in order, running efficiently, using memory allocated to them,
and shutting them down when necessary

• In a simple word CPU can perform one task at one time. If there are many
tasks, operating system decides which task should get the CPU first.

• To meet these requirements, the OS must maintain a data structure for each

process, which describes the state and resource ownership of that process,
and which enables the OS to exert control over each process.
Memory Management

• Memory management monitors and manages the memory and knows

which blocks of memory are in use, which programs are using memory,
and which memory blocks are available to be used.

• The memory management component, also sometimes called main

memory management or primary memory management.
con..

Main Memory
• Operating system manages memory (RAM)for many running programs. It
allocates memory area to different programs. It deallocates the memory area
when a program is terminated.

Secondary Memory
• Operating system manages secondary storage like a hard drive, USB flash
drive, DVD drive, or floppy disk drive. It manages the stored files and folders
on disk in a proper way so that minimum space is consumed and faster
access of files when required.
Con..

• It manages the available space, or free space, on the storage device and
allocating space for new files to be stored there.

• Requests for data on a storage device are handled by secondary storage

management as well. For example, when a user double-clicks on a file to
open it, secondary storage management receives that request and helps in
the retrieval of that file from the storage device.
System Resource Management
• The system resource management component is responsible for managing
the allocation of system resources, like memory and CPU time.

• When programs are running, they require the use of memory and CPU
time to function properly. System resource management determines how
much memory and CPU time that program is allowed to use at any given
time.

• If too many resources are allocated to one process, other programs and
processes may become slow or unresponsive.
• If the operating system does not have enough resources allocated to it,
the entire computer can run slow or stop working altogether. System
resource management ensures system resources are allocated properly.

I/O System management

• It manages Input/output operations. It controls Input /Output devices like

mouse, keyboard, monitor and printer etc.
Command Interpreter system

• Operating system provides command interpreter component. Command

line interpreter is used for reading and executing user commands. The
user will type commands on command line interface which will be
executed.
Networking

• Modern Operating system provides networking services. Operating system

provides access to shared resources by networking system
 Exercise #2
Compare these two parts from right to left
1- Kernel is 1- Operating system will decide which task should get
first by CPU
2- allocation of system resources 2- GUI and CLI

3- CPU can perform one task at one time 3- core of computer's operating system

4- similar to computer program.

4-Two type of UI is

5-File system 5 – the responsibility of resource management

6- Creation , deletion and modification of file is 6- control user access to the computer data

7- Access management 7- stored and retrieved data on a memory

8- Execution of a program is 8- read and execute command

9-components of an operating system are 9- controlling by file management

10-commmand interpreter system used for 10- a process

 Assignment #2

From the “Main memory management “ component of operating system

explain the process of swapping when it is possible to happen in a system ?
Thank You!