CROP

IMPROVEMENT
II ASSIGNMENT

CHICKPEA
1
2
GEOGRAPHICAL
3 DISTRIBUTION
BOTANY 4

5 CLASSIFICATION
6
BREEDING
OBJECTIVES

7 BREEDING
METHODS
8
9
 INTRODUCTION
PULSE PRODUCTION IN INDIA 50 46
India is the largest producer (25% of global 45
production), consumer (27% of world 40
consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses 35
in the world. Pulses account for around 20 30

PERCENT %
per cent of the area under foodgrains and 25
contribute around 7-10 per cent of the total 20 16
foodgrains production in the country. 15
10 10
Though pulses are grown in both Kharif and 10
8
6
4
Rabi seasons, Rabi pulses contribute more 5
than 60 per cent of the total production. 0
A A L A RS
PE PE AN AN TI PE E
C K N BE BE L E N
TH
HI GE
O D G O
Gram is the most dominant pulse having a C PI UR UN
M
share of around 46 per cent in the total Series 1
production followed by Pigeon pea/Arhar at Indian pulse production: Share of different pulses
15 to 20 per cent and Urd/Black Matpe and
Moong at around 8-10 per cent each.
 Cicer arietinum
Self pollinated crop

 Other names: Bengal gram,Chana,Gram,Garbanzo

bean,Chick pea
 Chromosome no. : 2n=14 (Desi)
2n=16 (Kabuli)
 Composition: 40-70% Carbohydrate
18-22% Protein
4-10% Fat
Leaves contain malic acid and citric acid.
Its leaves are good for blood purification,stomach
and lowering cholesterol.
It is excellent animal feed. Straw has good forage value.
 Origin: Chickpea originated in middle & fareast, Turkey
and Syria (Central Asia or Asia Minor)
 TAXONOMY
• KINGDOM : Plantae
• SUBKINGDOM : Phanerogams
• DIIVISION : Angiospermae
• CLASS : Dicotyledoneae
• ORDER : Leguiminales
• FAMILY : Leguminosae
• SUB-FAMILY : Papilionaceae
• TRIBE : Vicieae
• GENUS & SPECIES : Cicer arietinum L.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
INDIA PAKISTAN
1 8880000 ton 2
741000 ton

WORLD
PRODUCTION

10460 TH TON(2009)

AUSTRALI TURKEY
4 A 563000 ton
3
445000 ton
Area(mha)/Production(mton)

Production(million t)
Yield(Kg/Ha)

Share(%)
Trends in area, production Chickpea Production in India
and yield of chickpea in and the World and Indian Share
India. in Global Chickpea Production
**In 2003: **India accounts for 65-75% total area
Total production-8880000 ton and production of chickpea.
Total area- 9210000 Ha
Total productivity- 995kg/ha
 3% 3%
1% 3% **It is grown
5% throughout the
8% 38% country except high
altitudes and coastal
10% areas.

14%
15%

MP MAHARASHTRA RAJASTHAN AP UP KARNATAKA GUJRAT HARYANA CHATTISGARH OTHERS

Share of different states in Indian chickpea

production.
 BOTANY
• HABIT: Annual, Semi-erect, erect or prostrate.
• ROOT: Deep rooting system, more or less branched
from base. Nodulated.
• STEM: Straight or flexuous, ribbed, 20-75 cm. long.
• LEAVES: Imparipinnate, 11-13 leaflets, rachis 25-60
mm long grooved above, ending in top leaflet, middle
green, glandular
• STIPULES: Ovate to oblique- triangular incised
• FLOWERS: 1 (rarely-2) flowered axillary raceme,
peduncles (6-8) 13-17 mm, ending in a small perule
or arista, 0.2-4 mm; bracts small triangular or
tripartite perules, Upto 1.5 mm; pedicels 6-13 mm,
straight when flowering recurved when bearing
fruits.
 PODS SEEDS FLOWER

ROOTS STAMEN,OVARY CALYX

• CALYX: Faintly dorsally gibbous at the base: tube 3-4 mm; teeth lanceolate,
5-6 mm long, midrib prominent.
• COROLLA: Veined, pinkish, purplish or red or white, rarely greenish white
or blue.
• VEXILLUM: Obovate, 8-10mm long 7-10 mm wide exterior glabrous or
loosely pubescent with eglandular hairs, carina rhomboid, margin adnate
• STAMENS: 9+1, Sometimes persistent, filaments 6-8 mm long, anthers
basi-dorsifix.
• OVARY: Ovate, 2.3 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, 2-4 ovules, style 3-4 mm,
glabrous or hairy, upturned, stigma hardly broadened when pollinated.
• PODS: Rhomboid-ellipsoid (ovate-oblong), densely mainly glandular
pubescent, 14-25 mm long, 8-15 mm wide.
• SEEDS: Ovate-globular or angular beaked 7-10 mm long 5-8 mm wide, seed
coat colorless, white, creamy, yellowish, orange tinge, brown, black, dull
green surface smooth, wrinkled or tuber culate, chalazal tubercle prominent,
hilum deep, grayish with a conspicuously colored margin.
GROWTH STAGES
 CLASSIFICATION
Indian gram has been classified into 2 broad
classes-

1. Kabuli or white gram (Cicer kabulium)

 Color of seed white
 Seed size is bold and attractive
 Wt of 100 seed > 26g

2. Desi or Brown gram(Cicer arietinium)

 Color of seed yellow to light brown

 Seed size usually small
 Wt of 100 seed 17-26 g
 Most widely grown
 Yield potential more
 High yield-yield
Resistance to of grain,
abiotic stress
6 1 improvement in
size and color.

Quality-nutritional BREEDING Disease resistance-

value : increase in 5 2 wilt, blight, rust, gray
protein & vitamin content OBJECTIVES mould

Extended Resistance to
regional 4 3 insects - filed
adaptation and stored pests
 BREEDING METHODS
• INTRODUCTION
About 75% of chickpeas are grown from unselected local cultivars. Therefore, collection and evaluation
of germplasm is very important for a breeding program.

• SELECTION:
Two methods of selection are practiced in breeding new varieties, the efficacy of selection is dependent upon
the presence of genetic variability.

• HYBRIDIZATION:
The objective of hybridization is to combine desirable traits from 2 or more parents into a single cultivar.
Various types of crosses are made depending upon aims of combining visible traits of the parents. The
following types of crosses are generally made in chickpea. Improvement program.
1. Simple crosses
2. Multiple crosses
3. Back crosses
4. Interspecific crosses
5. Intraspecific crosses
• SELECTION PROCEDURE AFTER HYBRIDIZATION:
Selection procedure commonly used are:
1. Pedigree method - For selection for resistance to biotic stresses
2. Bulk method - Development of high yielding and short duration varieties
3. SSD method - Selecting traits like drought tolerance and winter hardiness
4. Modified bulk method – for traits like abiotic stresses, seed size, earliness and plant
type
5. Marker assisted selection – Selection of Ascocyta blight and fusarium wilt resistance
using RAPD and SSR marker.
• HETEROSIS:
Despite the fair amount of heterosis in the grain yield, cicer cannot be considered a
crop suitable for exploitation of heterosis for the commercial production of hybrid seeds
due to non-availability fo desirable genetic sterility and cytoplasmic genetic sterility in
suitable background.
• MUTATION BREEDING: Due to high frequency of mutations in Cicer sp. It is of
interest to Plant breeders and geneticist. Both radiationa dn chemical mutagens are used.
 INSECT, PEST AND DISEASES
INSECT PESTS:
I. Gram podborer, Heliothis
armigera (Hubner)
II. Red gram plume moth,
Exelastis atomosa wlsm.
III.Gram cut worm, Agrostis
ypsilon Hufn. GRAM POD RED GRAM PLUME
BORER MOTH
IV.Gram or pea semi looper,
Plusia orichalcea
V. Seed beetles, callosobruchus
chinensis L.
VI.Nematodes-meloideogyne
incognita GRAM CUT WORM
DISEASES:
1. Wilt disease caused by Fusarium
orthoceras & Fusarium oxysporum
2. Blight disease caused by Ascochyta
rabiei (Pass). Labr.
3. Stem rot disease caused by
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (lib.) de
Bary. ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT
FUSARIUM WILT
4. Rust disease caused by Uromyces
ciceris-arietini Jacz.
5. Wilt disease caused by Rhizoctonia
bataticola Butl.
6. Botrytis gray mold caused by Botrytis
cinerea pers.
7. Root-Knot (Nematodes-meloidogyne BORTRYTIS GRAY
ROOT KNOT MOLD
incognita
 VARIETIES
 DESI/BROWN GRAM - Radhey, Pusa 261, Pusa 256,
Avrodhi, JG215, C-235, PBG-1, Pusa 240, JG 74, H208,
K 850, Annegiri, Dahod yellow, H 82-2 Phule G5,
Gaurav Vikas, JG 315, Jyoti, Pusa 212, Chaffaka, RAU-
52, SG-2, Rajendra Chana-1, GPF-2, PDG-3
 KABULI TYPE - Pusa 267, L 550, K-4, GNG-149,
ICCC-32, L-144, L-550
 FROM PANTNAGAR - Pant G 114, Pant G 186.
THANK YOU