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Lecture 1
Reference Books:
• Introduction to computers
• History of computers
• Benefits of computers
• Uses of computers
• Generations of computers
• Types of computers
• Computer Hardware
• Computer Software
Introduction to Computers
What is computer?
6
Von Leibniz
Von Leibniz- 1694
A German scientist
Developed a calculating machine in 1694
First calculator that can multiply and divide also.
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Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage- (1822-
1842)
A mathematician
Invented “Difference Engine” in
1822 for arithmetic calculations
Developed an automatic
“Analytical Engine” in 1842
Perform 60 additions per minute.
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Advantages of Computers
Following are certain advantages of computers.
Speed
Accuracy
Versatility
Reliability
Diligence
Storage Capability
Generations of Computers
Generations Description
Zero Generation Mechanical Calculators
First Generation • Vacuum tube based
• Large in size
• Programming was difficult
• The electricity consumption was very high.
• Unreliable
• Very costly
• Generated a lot of heat
• Slow input and output devices
• Non-portable
• Consumed a lot of electricity
• Some computers of this generation are ENIAC,
EDVAC, EDSAC & UNIVAC-1
Generations of Computers
Generations Description
Second Generation • Transistor based
• They required only 1/10 of power required by
tubes.
• This generation computers generated less heat
& were reliable.
• The first operating system developed in this
• Some computers of this generation were IBM
1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600,
UNIVAC 1108 generation.
Third Generation • Integrated circuit based (chips)
• 10 transistors per chip,
• smaller, faster & more reliable.
• High level languages invented in this
generation.
• Some computers of this generation were: IBM-
360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP
(Personal Data Processor) , IBM-370/168 ,
TDC-316
Generations of Computers
Generations Description
Fourth Generation • Microprocessor based
• LSI & VLSI were used in this generation
• High capacity hard disk were invented
• Some computers of this generation were: DEC
10, STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1(Super
Computer), CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
Produce output
Stores data
Block Diagram of Computer
Memory unit
Functions of Computers
Accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces
output
Input refers to whatever is sent to a Computer system
Data refers raw facts, objects, and ideas
Processing is the way that a computer manipulates data
Memory is where information is stored and retrieved by
the processing unit
Storage is the area where data can be left on a
permanent basis
Output refers to the result produced by the computer
Parts of Computers
PCI Slots
Ports
Graphics Slot
Power Supply
A display screen to
provide “output” to the
user. It is where you
view the information
your are working on.
Video Card
A pressure-sensitive
and motion sensitive
device used in place of
a mouse.
CD Rom Drive
Magnetic storage
device in the computer.
Printer
Used to generate or
reproduce voice,
music, and other
sounds.
Sound Card
1. System software
2. Application software
Software (Cont)
System software: Directs all the activities and sets
all the rules for how the hardware and software will
work together.
Examples: DOS, Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, XP,
Vista, Windows 7, Unix, Linux,
Application software: Programs that work with
operating system software to help the computer to
do specific types of work. They are user specific.
Examples: MS office, photoshop, autoCAD etc