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Generalized Measurement
System
Syllabus
Process of comparison
Measurand Result
(measurement)
(quantity to be measured)
Standard
(Known quantity)
Introduction
Tertiary Measurements
Explaination
1 Primary Measurements
In primary measurement the sought value of a physical parameter is determined by
comparing it directly with "reference standards". There is no conversion of
measured in terms of length for example one may take the following-
Measurement of time by counting the number of strokes of a clock.
Matching of two lengths when determining the length of an object with a ruler.
Matching of two colors when judging the temperature of red hot steel.
2 Secondary Measurements
The indirect measurements involving 'one translation' are called secondary
measurements. e.g.
The pressure measurement by manometers.
The temperature measurement by mercury-in-glass thermometers.
The conversion of pressure in to displacement by means of bellows.
3 Tertiary Measurements
The indirect measurements involving 'two conversions' are called tertiary
measurements.
Examples: Measurement of static pressure by a bourden tube pressure gauge.
Errors
Errors in Measurements:
It is never possible to measure the true value of a
dimension there is a always some error.
The error in measurement is the difference
between the measured value and the true value of
the measured dimension.
5. Accuracy is necessary but not sufficient Precision is necessary but not sufficient
condition for precision. condition for accuracy.
Static characteristic
Reproducibility-Reproducibility is the
consistency of pattern of variation in
measurement i.e. closeness of the conformity
between the result of measurement of the
same quantity
Static characteristic
Linearity-Linearity of instruments can be defined as condition
when incremental changes in the input and output are
constant over the specified range. It can also be described as a
measure of maximum deviation of a calibration point from a
best fit line. It is the ability to reproduce the input
characteristics symmetrically and this can be expressed by the
straight line equation.
Static characteristic
Drift -Drift is defined as the slow but sure change or float in
calibration curve over a period of time. It is also defined as the
variation of output for a given input caused due to change in the
sensitivity of the instrument to certain interfering inputs like
temperature changes, component instability etc. Generally it is
undesirable quality in industrial instruments as it is rarely apparent
& cannot be easily compensated for. It is basically of two types.
Zero Drift – in zero drift, calibration curve has same slope but it
starts from non zero value i.e. the zero point is shifted and
sensitivity is constant.
Sensitivity Drift – In sensitivity drift calibration curve starts from
zero value but proceed in different direction due to change in
sensitivity of the system.
Static characteristic
Dynamic Characteristics
Analog transducers :
These transducers convert the input quantity into, an
analog output, which is a continuous function of time.
Thus, a strain gauge, an LVDT, a thermocouple or
thermistor may be called as “Analog Transducers” as they
give an output which is a continuous function of time.
Digital transducers :
These transducers convert the input quantity into an
electrical output, which is in the form of pulses
Transducer and inverse
transducer :