ANTENNA AND WAVE

PROPAGATION
Year & Sem. : III Year – I Semester

Faculty : S. Kannappan

Regulation : R15

Course Code : 15A04501

No. of Sessions : 69
 Applications
Applications:
Theory: The antennas are used simply to radiate electromagnetic energy in
an omnidirectional or finally in some systems for point-to-point
communication purpose in which increased gain and reduced wave
interference are required.

Used in Mobile satellite communication systems

Direct broadcast Televisions
Wireless LAN’s
Feed elements in coaxial system
GPS system
Missiles and Telemetry
UHF patch antennas for space

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 Subject Material Links
Theory:
Jntu Awp notes1

Demonstration:
Loop Antennas
Helical Antennas
Horn Antennas
Microstrip Antennas
Wave Propagation

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 Overview of the Course

Introduction: communication takes place through sound waves. However, if two

people want to communicate who are at longer distances, then we have to convert
these sound waves into electromagnetic waves. The device, which converts the
required information signal into electromagnetic waves, is known as an Antenna.

Why this course: In the world of modern wireless communication,

engineer who wants to specialize in the communication field needs to have
a basic understanding of the roles of electromagnetic radiation, antennas,
and related propagation phenomena.

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 Key constituents of Outcome based Education

Vision Mission

d
e
s
i
g
n Graduate
Attributes

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 How do PEOs, POs and COs relate
COs
GAs
♦
♦ ♦
♦
POs

* +
* * + .. . Mission
+
* .
* * +
* +
+
+ PEOs

* *
*
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 INSTITUTE VISION:
To impart the best technical and management education instilled with
discipline, values and leadership qualities that will produce professional
technocrats.
INSTITUTE MISSION:
 M1: To contribute to the social and economic development of this
drought prone rural region through professional education
 M2: To prepare graduates who will engage effectively and responsibly
in practicing of engineering and management profession in ever
changing global economy.
 M3: To contribute and to be a role model for a green and eco-friendly
campus through solar energy
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 DEPARTMENT VISION:
To impart the best technical education instilled with discipline, values and
leadership qualities that will produce professional technocrats in Electronics and
Communications Engineering.

DEPARTMENT MISSION:
 M1: To impart fundamental Electronics and Communications Engineering
concepts and a broad set of technical skills.
 M2:To prepare Electronics and Communications Engineering graduates who
will engage effectively and responsibly in practicing engineering.
 M3:To impart practical exposure on latest technological developments in
Electronics and Communications Engineering.

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Programme Educational Objectives:
On successful completion of UG in electronics and
communications engineering, the Graduates will:
PEO1: Have successful professional career with
strong foundation in basic sciences, along with in
depth knowledge of electrical engineering.
PEO2: Pursue higher studies to contribute for the
betterment of the society.
PEO3: Continue in their chosen profession by
practicing lifelong learning.

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Program Outcomes:
The graduate will have an ability to
PO1: Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering to solve the
engineering problems in analog and digital electronic systems.
PO2: Identify, formulate and analyze the problems from the various issues of
communication systems.
PO3: Design Analog and digital systems to meet the desired needs within a realistic
constraint.
PO4: Design a circuit, conduct experiments, analyze and interpret the results to Provide
valid conclusions.
PO5: Use modern tools to simulate electronic systems and analyze the performance of
various models.
PO6: Develop electronic systems and solutions to meet the societal needs, considering
awareness of security, health and legal issues.
PO7: Provide innovative ideas by understanding the impact of engineering solutions for the
sustainable developments.
PO 8: Function with professional ethics and social responsibilities.
PO9: Work as an individual, member of a team or leader in multidisciplinary activities.
PO10: Communicate effectively with outside world and engineering fraternity.
PO11: Demonstrate the knowledge of project and finance management skills to carry out
projects in multidisciplinary environment.
PO12: Engage lifelong learning and to adapt rapidly changing technologies.
 
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 GATES INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ::
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 Indicates Course Level

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 Overview
Course Objectives :The objective of this course is to learn about:
Fundamentals of electromagnetic radiation: Maxwell's equations, potential
functions, wave equation, retarded potential, short current element, near and far
fields, Poynting's theorem.
Design of antenna arrays: principle of pattern multiplication, broadside and end fire
arrays, array synthesis, coupling effects and mutual impedance, parasitic elements,
Yagi-Uda antenna.

Course Prerequisites : Fundamentals in Electromagnetic Theory and

strong foundation in Transmission lines.

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 Overview
Course outcomes

By the end of this course, student will be able to

Unit I(CO1):Understand the Concept of Maxwell's equations, retarded potential,
short current element, near and far fields, Poynting's theorem.
Unit II(CO2):Analyze different loop antennas and array of dipole antennas
Unit III(CO3):Design a rectangular patch microstrip antenna.
Unit IV(CO4):Design antenna arrays.
Unit V(CO5):Understand the different modes of wave propagations.

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 Unit Name
Units & It’s Schedule
Start Date End Date
No of Ref Books
Sessions
17-8-20 4-9-20 18 1. Antennas and wave propagation
Antenna Basics &
by John D. Kraus and Ronald
Dipole antennas: J. Marhefka
2. Antennas and wave propagation
by K.D.
Prasad,SatyaPrakashan
5-9-20 19-9-20 11 Antennas and wave propagation
VHF, UHF and
by K.D. Prasad,
Microwave Antennas - I SatyaPrakashan
6-10-20 24-10-20 11 Antennas and wave
VHF, UHF and
propagation by John D.
Microwave Antennas -II Kraus and Ronald J.
Marhefka
26-10-20 17-11-20 15 C.A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory-
Antenna Arrays
Analysis and Design”

18-11-20 8-12-20 13 Antennas and wave propagation by

Wave Propagation
K.D. Prasad, SatyaPrakashan

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 UNIT – I

Objective : Learn about Fundamentals of electromagnetic radiation ,

Parameters involved in antenna design, Small dipole antenna

No of Sessions : 16
References : 1. Antennas and wave propagation by John D. Kraus and
Ronald J. Marhefka
2. Antennas and wave propagation by K.D. Prasad,
Satya Prakashan
Tutorial sessions :2  

Assignments (Yes / No) : Yes

Unit Test (Yes / No) : Yes
Guest Lecture/Workshop : Yes
Supporting videos Link : Introduction to Antennas

Lecture Notes :awp unit-1 notes

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 UNIT – II
Objective : Learn about working principle and
Performance Analysis of loop antennas and
some VHF and UHF antennas
No of Sessions : 10
References : Antennas and wave propagation
by K.D. Prasad, Satya Prakashan

Tutorial sessions :1
Guest Lecture/Workshop :Yes
Assignments (Yes / No) : Yes
Unit Test (Yes / No) : Yes
Supporting videos link :Linear Arrays Helical Antennas
Lecture notes : awp unit –II notes

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 UNIT – III

Objective : Learn about Micro-strip antenna and its design

issues, performance of parabolic and reflector antennas.
No of Sessions : 10
References :Antennas and wave propagation by
John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka
Tutorial sessions :1
Guest Lecture/Workshop : Yes
Assignments (Yes / No) : Yes
Unit Test (Yes / No) : Yes
Supporting videos link : Reflector Antennas
Lecture notes :awp unit – III notes

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 UNIT – IV
Objective : Learn about the design of antenna arrays.

No of Sessions :13
References :C.A. Balanis, “Antenna Theory- Analysis and Design”

Tutorial sessions :2
Guest Lecture/Workshop : Yes
Assignments (Yes / No) : Yes
Unit Test (Yes / No) : Yes
Supporting videos link : Antenna measurements
Lecture notes :awp unit – IV notes

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 UNIT – V
Objective : Learn about modes and principle of wave
propagation in the environment

No of Sessions : 11
References :Antennas and wave propagation by K.D.Prasad, Satya
Prakashan

Tutorial sessions :2
Guest Lecture/Workshop : Yes
Assignments (Yes / No) : Yes
Unit Test (Yes / No) : Yes
Supporting videos link : Wave Propagation

Lecture notes : awp unit – V notes

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Extension of the Subject (if so, Please mention) : Microwave Engineering,
Radar Engineering
Industrial Visit : NARL(Radar Station)
Practical Applications : Lab demo
Discussion on Previous Question Papers (No of Sessions) : 02
Revision (No of Sessions) : 05

Associated NPTEL course :Advanced Antenna theory

Flip class topics: 1. Distinguish between Antennas and Transmission lines

2. Various practical antennas used in Broadcasting applications
3. Evaluation of Microstrip Antennas in Mobile devices
4. Antennas used in Satellite communications and Radar Stations
5. Mobile Radio Propagation

Activities related to the course: Technical Quiz

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 Lesson Plan
Unit Sessio Description CO Blooms Methodology planned
No. n No. Taxonomy
Level

1 Synopsis Presentation PPT presentation

2 Synopsis Presentation PPT & Video presentation

I 3 Antenna Basics & Dipole antennas: CO1 L1 Chalk and Board

Introduction
I 4 Basic antenna parameters- patterns, Beam Area CO1 L1 PPT presentation

I 5 Radiation Intensity, Beam Efficiency, CO1 L1 Video demonstration

Directivity-Gain-Resolution

I 6 Antenna Apertures, Effective height, Fields CO1 L2 Chalk and Board

from oscillating dipole, Field Zones

I 7 Problems CO1 L3 Tutorial

I 8 Shape Impedance considerations, Polarization – CO1 L2 PPT and Chalk and Board
Linear, Elliptical, & Circular polarizations

I 9 Antenna temperature, Antenna impedance, CO1 L1 Chalk and Board

Front–to-back ratio, Antenna theorems
I 10 Radiation – Basic Maxwell’s equations, CO1 L2 Chalk and Board
Retarded potential-Helmholtz Theorem

I 11 Radiation from Small Electric Dipole CO1 L2 Chalk and Board

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 Lesson Plan
Unit Session Description CO Blooms Methodology planned
No. No. Taxonomy
Level

I 12 Problems CO1 L3 Tutorial

I 13 Quarter wave Monopole and Half wave CO1 L2 PPT & Video
Dipole – Current Distributions

I 14 Field Components, Radiated power, CO1 L2 PPT presentation

Radiation Resistance

I 15 Beam width, Natural current distributions CO1 L2 Video demonstration

I 16 Far fields and patterns of Thin Linear Center- CO1 L2 Chalk and Board
fed Antennas of different lengths

I 17 Illustrative problems CO1 L2 Chalk and Board

I 18 Distinguish between Antennas and CO1 L3 Flip class

Transmission lines
II 19 VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas - I:Loop CO2 L2 Chalk and Board
Antennas – Introduction.

II 20 Small Loop, Comparison of far fields of small CO2 L1 Chalk and Board
loop and short dipole

II 21 Radiation Resistances and Directives of small CO2 L2 Video and PPT

and large loops (Qualitative Treatment)

II 22 ,Arrays with Parasitic Elements - Yagi - Uda CO2 L3 Chalk and Board
Arrays

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 Lesson Plan
Uni Sessi Description CO Blooms Methodology planned
t on Taxonomy
No. No. Level

II 23 Folded Dipoles & their characteristics. CO2 L2 PPT presentation

II 24 Problems CO2 L3 Tutorial

II 25 Helical Antennas Helical Geometry, Helix modes CO2 L2 PPT presentation

II 26 Practical Design considerations for Monofilar CO2 L2 Chalk and Board

Helical Antenna in Axial and Normal Modes.

II 27 Horn Antennas- Types, Fermat’s Principle, CO2 L2 Chalk and Board

Optimum Horns, Design considerations of
Pyramidal Horns

II 28 Illustrative Problems. CO2 L3 Chalk and Board

II 29 Various practical antennas used in Broadcasting CO2 L4 Flip class

applications
III 30 VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas - II: Micro CO3 L2 Chalk and Board
strip Antennas- Introduction

III 31 features, advantages and limitations CO3 L1 Chalk and Board

III 32 Rectangular patch antennas- Geometry and CO3 L1 Video and PPT
parameters

III 33 characteristics of Micro strip antennas, Impact of CO3 L2 Chalk and Board
different parameters on characteristics,

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 Lesson Plan
Unit Session Description CO Blooms Methodology planned
No. No. Taxonomy
Level

III 34 reflector antennas - Introduction, Flat sheet and corner CO3 L2 PPT presentation
reflectors, parabola reflectors- geometry,
III 35 Problems CO3 L3 Tutorial
III 36 pattern characteristics, Feed Methods, Reflector Types - Related CO3 L2 PPT presentation
Features
III 37 Lens Antennas - Geometry of Non-metallic Dielectric Lenses, CO3 L2 Video demonstration
Zoning ,
III 38 Tolerances, Applications, CO3 L2 Chalk and Board
III 39 Illustrative Problems. CO3 L3 Chalk and Board

III 40 Evaluation of Microstrip Antennas in Mobile devices CO3 L1 Flip class

IV 41 Antenna Arrays: Point sources - Definition, Patterns. CO4 L1 Chalk and Board

IV 42 arrays of 2 Isotropic sources Different cases, Principle of CO4 L2 Chalk and Board
Pattern Multiplication,
IV 43 Uniform Linear Arrays – Broadside Arrays, Endfire Arrays CO4 L4 Video and PPT
IV 44 EFA with Increased Directivity, Derivation of their CO4 L4 Chalk and Board
characteristics and comparison

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 Lesson Plan
Uni Sessi Description CO Blooms Methodology planned
t on Taxonomy
No. No. Level

IV 45 BSA with Non-uniform Amplitude Distributions - General CO4 L4 PPT presentation

considerations and Bionomial Arrays
IV 46 Problems CO4 L3 Tutorial
IV 47 Illustrative problems. CO4 L3 Chalk and Board
IV 48 Antenna Measurements: Introduction CO4 L3 PPT presentation
IV 49 Concepts- Reciprocity, Near and Far Fields, CO4 L2 Chalk and Board

IV 50 Coordination system, sources of errors, Patterns to be Measured. CO4 L3 Chalk and Board
IV 51 Pattern Measurement Arrangement, CO4 L3 Chalk and Board

IV 52 Problems CO4 L3 Tutorial

IV 53 Directivity Measurement . CO4 L3 Chalk and Board

IV 54 Gain Measurements (by comparison, Absolute and 3-Antenna CO4 L3 Video and PPT
Methods)

IV 55 Antennas used in Satellite communications and Radar Stations CO4 L4 Flip class

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 Lesson Plan
Uni Session Description CO Blooms Methodology planned
t No. Taxonomy
No. Level

V 56 Wave Propagation: Introduction, Definitions. CO5 L1 PPT presentation

V 57 Characterizations and general classifications CO5 L1 PPT presentation

V 58 different modes of wave propagation, Ray/Mode concepts, CO5 L1 PPT presentation

V 59 Ground wave propagation (Qualitative treatment) - CO5 L2 Video demonstration

Introduction

V 60 Problems CO5 L3 Tutorial

V 61 Plane earth reflections, Space and surface waves, wave tilt, CO5 L2 Chalk and Board
curved earth reflections,

V 62 Space wave propagation - Introduction, CO5 L2 Chalk and Board

V 63 field strength variation with distance and height, effect of CO5 L4 Chalk and Board
earth’s curvature, absorption,Super refraction.

V 64 M-curves and duct propagation, scattering phenomena, CO5 L4 PPT presentation

tropospheric propagation, fading and path loss calculations,

V 65 Sky wave propagation - Introduction, structure of CO5 L2 Video and PPT

Ionosphere, refraction and reflection of sky waves by
Ionosphere, Ray path, Critical frequency

V 66 Problems CO5 L3 Tutorial

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 Lesson Plan
Uni Sessi Description CO Blooms Methodology planned
t on Taxonomy Level
No. No.

V 67 MUF, LUF, OF, Virtual height and Skip distance, CO5 L4 Chalk and Board
Relation between MUF and Skip distance

V 68 Multi-HOP propagation, Energy loss in Ionosphere, CO5 L4 Chalk and Board

Summary of Wave Characteristics in different
frequency ranges.

V 69 Mobile Radio Propagation CO5 L4 Flip class

70 Question paper-a brief review

71 Question paper-a brief review

72 Objective Test

73 Pre final exam

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 CO-PO-PEO Mapping
For faculty reference:

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