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ADVERBS
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ADVERBS
ADVERB
N E G AT I V E OTHER
ADVERBS ADVERBS
Common negative verbs: barely, hardly, in no way, little, Here and there force inversion when they come at the beginning
neither, never, not only, only, rarely, seldom. of a sentence.
These verbs at the beginning, force inversion of the subject and So often force inversion of subject and verb or auxiliary when it
the verb or auxiliary. occurs at the beginning of a sentence.
If the verb in the sentence is in simple present or simple past, So used to connect two positive statements.
use do, does or did after an initial negative verb. In a sentence beginning with here or there, invert the subject and
If the verb is in the perfect form, place the auxiliary before the verb or auxiliary if thee subject is a noun
subject.
ADVERB CLAUSES
A clause is a group of words that contains at least one subject and a verb showing past,
present, or future time.
Clauses can be independent or dependent.
Adverb clauses sometimes occur inside independent clauses.
In a complex sentence, if the dependent clause comes first, we place a comma after it.
In complex sentences, do not use will or be going to in the dependent clause to show future
time.
This type of adverb indicate when This type of adverb indicate under This make a contrast with the idea expressed in
This type of adverb indicate where This type of adverb indicate why
something happens. what conditions something happens. the independent clause.
something happens. something happens.
We can use: after, as, as soon as, We can use: even if, only if, in case, We can use: although, even though, though,
We can use: anywhere, everywhere, We can use: since, as, because, now whereas, while, etc.
before, by the time, once, since, unless, etc.
where, wherever, etc. that (= because now), etc. Place comma before/after a dependent clause.
until/till, when, whenever, while, etc. Don’t confuse even if with even.
DEFINITION OF ADVERB PHRASES
An adverb phrase is a group of words that often modifies a main clause in a sentence.
It commonly include: present and past participles.
In negative, you use the words not or never before the participle.
TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Omit the subject pronoun and the form of be.
While they were building, they had problems with municipal permits. /
If the original sentence has commas, keep them.
Reducing Adverb Clauses While building, they had problems with municipal permits.
When the adverb phrase comes first, we usually place a comma after it. Whereas she is singing, she cooks her dinner. / Whereas singing, she cooks
with Be
You can reduce an adverb clause to an adverb phrase only if the subject in both clauses of the her dinner.
sentence refer to the same person or thing.
Omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its –ing form. After they bought the tickets, they went to buy popcorn. / After buying the
Changing Adverb Clauses Keep the subordinating conjunction and original punctuation. tickets, they went to buy popcorn.
of Time You can change an adverb clause of time only if the subjects in the two clauses of the Before I recorded my video for the class, I dressed formally. / Before
sentences refer to the same person or thing. recording my video for the class, I dressed formally.
To change an adverb clause with a simple past or past perfect verb to an adverb phrase,
As soon as they arrived, they went to visit their parents. / Having arrived,
change the verb to having + past participle.
Changing Adverb Clauses they went to visit their parents.
Keep the original punctuation.
with Past-Time Verbs Before I learned English, I wanted to study German. / Before learning
You can also change the clause to a phrase by changing the verb to its –ing form and keeping
English, I wanted to study German.
the subordinating conjunction and the original punctuation.
When my mom organized my birthday, she forgot to invite my grandparents.
Replacing When with On / Upon organizing my birthday, she forgot to invite my grandparents.
Don’t use when in adverb phrases if the meaning is “at the time something occurred”.
or Upon in Adverb When I saw the movie “A Nightmare on Elm Street”, I felt afraid the
If when has this meaning in an adverb clause, replace it with on or upon + -ing.
Phrases principal character "Freddy Krueger". / On seeing the movie “A Nightmare
on Elm Street”, I felt afraid the principal character "Freddy Krueger".
DEFINITION OF ADVERBIAL PHRASES
An adverb phrase without a subordinating conjunction is called an adverbial phrase.
TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
Omit the subordinating conjunctions because, since or as at the beginning of a clause. These
Since they were tired from work, they traveled to the Caribbean. / Being
conjunctions must be omitted.
Changing Adverb Clauses tired from work, they traveled to the Caribbean.
You can change because / since / as + a form of be to being.
of Reason Because he had slept in all classes, he failed the final exam. / Having slept in
You can change a present perfect or past perfect verb in an adverb clause to having + past
all classes, he failed the final exam.
participle in an adverbial phrase.
If you can omit the subordinating conjunction in an adverbial phrase without changing the
Since he was invited to the ceremony, he chose his best suit. / Invited to the
meaning of the sentence, delete the subject and any auxiliaries.
ceremony, he chose his best suit.
Changing Passive Clauses Sometimes you can’t omit the subordinating conjunction without changing the meaning of
After I was bought a new kitchen, I cooked delicious foods every day. / After
the sentence. To form an adverb phrase, delete the subject and change the form of be to
being bought a new kitchen, I cooked delicious foods every day.
being.
CONNECTORS C O O R D I N AT I N G S U B O R D I N AT I N G
CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS
I would like to travel to France, but I don’t have She will buy a new car because she has a new job.
passport.
TRANSITIONS
This word introduce certain noun clauses. You can use this phrase in place of that in subject A question that is changed to a noun is called an embedded
When that begins a noun clause, it introduces the clause. clauses. question.
You can omit that when it introduces an object noun clause or You must use the fact that in place of that in noun Use statement word order, not question word order.
a complement noun clause. clauses that are objects of prepositions. An embedded question within a statement is followed by a
Don’t omit that, when it introduces a subject noun clause. period.
Don’t confuse that and what. The first, simply introduces An embedded question within another question is followed
certain noun clauses. The second, refer to something definite. by a question mark.
NOUN CLAUSES
The wh-questions words: what, who, when, Use these words to introduce noun clauses that Use these words: whatever, whoever,
where, which, why and how. are formed from yes / no questions. whomever, wherever, whenever, however,
The subject of an embedded wh-questions takes a Don’t use if to introduce a subject noun clause. whichever (one).
singular verb. Don’t omit if or whether (or not) in embedded These words introduce noun clauses.
Don’t use do, does or did in embedded questions. yes / no questions.
REPORTING REPORTING YES/NO REPORTING CHANGES IN
VERBS QUESTIONS WH- QUESTIONS VERBS
We normally use ask in its simple past form. If the reporting verb is in the simp
ting verbs: say, tell, ask, claim, reply, state Use statement word order, not question word order. in the noun clause often changes:
onder. Use if or whether (or not) to introduce an indirect yes/no Use question words to introduce indirect wh- questions. Imperative infinitive
ally, tell must be followed by an object. questions and to emphasize alternatives or different Use statement word order to report indirect questions Simple present simple pas
use tell when the listener is not mentioned. possibilities. about a predicate. Present progressive past p
use say immediately before an object. Use Don’t use do, does, or did in an indirect question. Use the We also use statement word order to report indirect Simple past past perfect
to + object. simple present, simple past, or past perfect. questions about the subject. Present perfect past perfec
DIRECT AND
INDIRECT SPEECH
We sometimes do not change verbs in indirect speech if what Certain modals change in indirect speech: Other words change:
we are reporting happened a short time ago. Can could Pronouns/possessive adjectives other forms
We often don’t change verbs to past forms if general truths May might This that and these those
are reported. Must had to Here there
The verb not change, when the reporting verb is in the Shall should Now then
simple present, present progressive, present perfect, or Will would Ago before/previously
future. Could, had better, might, ought to, should and Yesterday the day before/ the previous day
would don’t change. Today that day
Tomorrow the next day/the following day