HEAT

CLASS 7 SCIENCE
WE WILL LEARN:

THERMAL ENERGY TEMPERATURE

MEASURING HEAT TRANSFER

THERMOMETER
TEMPERATURE
 WHAT IS THERMAL
ENERGY?
All substances are made of smaller
particles called molecules or atoms.

These molecules vibrate or move

constantly as they possess Thermal Energy.

Thermal Energy is a form of energy. It is

commonly known as heat.

Thermal Energy is the sum of energy

possessed by all molecules in motion.
 HOT ‘N’ COLD
 We can determine whether an object is
hot or cold by the sense of touch.

 A substance is said to be hot or cold on

the basis of it’s heat or thermal energy.

 We cannot always rely on our sense of

touch to identify an object as hot or cold.
Sometimes it may deceive us.
WHAT IS HEAT AND TEMPERATURE….

HEAT TEMPERATURE
 SI unit of heat is Joule ( J ).
 Heat is a form of energy that can be only
 A reliable measure of the hotness of an object
felt. It is actually a form of Thermal Energy.
is called Temperature.
 Heat is thermal energy that flows. It flows
 It is also a measure of how fast molecules are
from one object to another due to a
moving in a substance.
difference in temperature(from hotter object
to colder object).  It is measured through a device called
Thermometer.
 Heat continues to flow from the hotter object
to colder object until both substances have
same temperature.
 MEASURING TEMPERATURE
AND THERMOMETERS
C L I N IC A L T H E R M O M E T E R M E A S U R IN G S C A L E S
 It is the thermometer used to measure the temperature of CREATED BOILING FREEZING
BY POINT POINT
the human body.
CHARACTERISTICS:
 Long , narrow and uniform glass tube
 A bulb at one end. Degree Gabriel 212 degrees 32 degrees
Fahrenheit Fahrenheit
 Bulb contains mercury
 A shining thread of mercury can be seen outside the bulb.
 Has a Celsius scale from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Degree Anders 100 degrees 0 degrees
Celsius Celsius
Celsius.
 Has. a Fahrenheit scale from 94 to 108 degree Fahrenheit.
 Has a kink to prevent mercury from falling on it’s own.
 CONVERSION OF DEGREE
CELSIUS TO DEGREE
FAHRENHEIT
Degree Fahrenheit = 1.8 * degree Celsius+32
Degree Celsius = (Fahrenheit-32) * 5/9
Normal temperature = 37 degree Celsius
Degree Fahrenheit = 1.8 * 37 C + 32
= 98.6 degree Fahrenheit
Degree Fahrenheit= 9/5 * degree Celsius +32
NOTE: The normal temperature of human
body is 37 degree Celsius.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED
WHILE USING A CLINICAL
THERMOMETER
1 . T H E R M O M E T E R S H O U L D B E WA S H E D
B E F O R E A N D A F T E R U S E , P R E F E R A B LY
WITH AN ANTISEPTIC SOLUTION.
2 . E N S U R E T H AT B E F O R E U S E T H E
MERCURY LEVEL IS BELOW 35°C.
3. READ THE THERMOMETER KEEPING
THE LEVEL OF MERCURY ALONG THE
L I N E O F S I G H T.
4. HANDLE THE THERMOMETER WITH
CARE. IF IT HITS AGAINST SOME HARD
O B J E C T, I T C A N B R E A K .
5.DON’T HOLD THE THERMOMETER BY
T H E B U L B W H I L E R E A D I N G I T.
 THE LABORATORY THERMOMETER
 Thermometer used to measure the
temperature of objects other than the
human body is called the laboratory
thermometer. Laboratory thermometer.
PRECAUTIONS WHILE READING A
LABORATORY THERMOMETER
The thermometer should be kept upright
not tilted.

 The range of the laboratory thermometer

Bulb should be surrounded on all sides by
is usually is from -10 degree Celsius to
the substance whose temperature is being
110 degree Celsius.
measured. The bulb should touch the
surface of the container.
 It has to be read while it is in contact
with the substance.
 TRANSFER OF HEAT
CONDUCTION
duction occurs when two objects at different temperatures are in contact with each other.
ally happens in solids.
duction is the mode of heat transfer in solid substances. when a warmer object comes in contact with the colder object, heat
keeps flowing into the cooler object until both the objects reach the same temperature.
OCCURRENCE:
n a solid is heated, the molecules near the source of heat gain thermal energy and begin to vibrate faster.
se molecules then collide with cooler slower molecules and transfer some thermal energy.
ese slower molecules gain energy and begin to vibrate faster and transfer heat to the next molecules. This continues until all molecu
p.
hus in transfer of heat by conduction, heat energy is transferred from one molecule to the other even though the individual molecules
me place. 

CONDUCTORS & INSULATORS

aterials that allow heat to pass through them easily are known as good conductors of heat.
amples: aluminum, copper, iron etc.
aterials that do not allow heat to pass through them easily are know as poor conductors of heat or insulators
 CONVECTION
 Convection is the mode of heat transfer through fluids
(gases and liquids).
 During convection, the heat transfer occurs by the
movement of fluid.
 When a liquid or a gas is heated, it expands. As a result,
it becomes lighter and moves upwards.
 The cooler, heavier fluid from the surroundings rushes
to take its place and is heated in turn.
 This process continues till heat is passed through the
entre liquid or gas.
 THE COASTAL PHENOMENON
Coastal areas observe an interesting phenomenon.
During the day, the land gets heated faster than the water. The air over the land
becomes hotter and rises up.
 The cooler air from the sea rushes in towards the land to take its place. The warm
air from the land moves towards the sea to complete the cycle
. The air from the sea is called the sea breeze.
To receive the cooler sea breeze, the windows of the houses in coastal areas are
made to face the sea.
 At night it is exactly the reverse. The water cools down more slowly than the land.
 So, the cool air from the land moves towards the sea.
This is called the land breeze.
SEA BREEZE
LAND BREEZE
 RADIATION
 Method of heat transfer that dos not need any medium
between hotter and colder object.
 Heat from the sun reaches earth by radiation.
 The sun emits heat radiations which travel to earth
through vacuum between sun and earth.
 The invisible heat rays that travel to earth by radiation are
called infra-red rays.
 Every hot object emits heat.
 Radiation is the transfer of heat energy from a hot body to
a cold body by means of heat rays, without any material
medium between them.
ABSORBERS
• Objects of dark colors absorb more heat and reflect less
heat and keep us warm in winter.
• Objects of light colors absorb less heat and reflect more
heat and keep us cool in summer.
CAUTIONS ‘N’ IMPORTANT POINTS

CAUTIONS IMPORTANT POINTS

 The minimum and maximum temperature of
the previous day are measured by a
Do not use a clinical thermometer called maximum – minimum
thermometer for thermometer.
measuring the
temperature of
anything else other  Mercury is a very toxic substance to dispose of
than human body.
if a thermometer breaks. Therefore, now digital
thermometers are available that do not use
Always keep your
Avoid keeping the mercury.
hands at a safe
thermometer in the
distance from flame
sun or near flame.
so that they do not
It may break.  Buildings that are not much affected by heat
get burnt.
and cold can be made by constructing outer
walls of buildings so that they have trapped
layers of air.
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM: when 2 objects are at the same temperature, heat
will flow. Technically there will be no exchange of heat.
Heat falls on an object= reflected + absorbed + transmitted
In cold areas – hollow bricks, multiple air layers (in outer wall of building).
In hot areas – paint in white
Wool and air are bad conductors of heat.
Prefer 2 thin blankets instead of one thick blanket because there is a layer of air
between the blankets.
VACCUM OR THERMOS FLASK:
Used to maintain the temperature of liquids inside it.
Made of double walled glass vessel with vacuum.
Glass being a poor conductor of heat reduces heat transfer in the flask.
THANK YOU
F O R WA T C H I N G