TREES AND

BINARY TREES
Become Rich

Force Others Rob Stock

to be Poor Banks Fraud
The class notes are a compilation and edition from many sources. The instructor
does not claim intellectual property or ownership of the lecture notes.
NATURE VIEW OF A TREE

leaves

branches
root
COMPUTER SCIENTIST’S VIEW

root

leaves

branches
nodes
WHAT IS A TREE
 A tree is a finite nonempty set
of elements.
 It is an abstract model of a
hierarchical structure. Computers”R”Us
 consists of nodes with a
parent-child relation.
 Applications: Sales Manufacturing R&D
 Organization charts
 File systems
 Programming environments
US International Laptops Desktops

Europe Asia Canada

TREE TERMINOLOGY
 Root: node without parent (A) Subtree: tree consisting of a
node and its descendants
 Siblings: nodes share the same parent
 Internal node: node with at least one child
(A, B, C, F)
 External node (leaf ): node without children
(E, I, J, K, G, H, D) A
 Ancestors of a node: parent, grandparent,
grand-grandparent, etc.
 Descendant of a node: child, grandchild,
grand-grandchild, etc. B C D
 Depth of a node: number of ancestors
 Height of a tree: maximum depth of any
node (3) E F G H
 Degree of a node: the number of its children
 Degree of a tree: the maximum number of its
node.
I J K

subtree
TREE PROPERTIES
Property Value
A Number of nodes
Height
Root Node
B C Leaves
Interior nodes
Ancestors of H
D E F Descendants of B
Siblings of E
Right subtree of A
Degree of this tree
G

H I
TREE ADT
 We use positions to abstract nodes
 Generic methods:
 integer size()
 boolean isEmpty()
 objectIterator elements()
 positionIterator positions()
 Accessor methods:
 position root()
 position parent(p)
 positionIterator children(p)
Query methods:
boolean isInternal(p)
boolean isExternal(p)
boolean isRoot(p)
Update methods:
swapElements(p, q)
object replaceElement(p, o)
Additional update methods may
be defined by data structures
implementing the Tree ADT
 INTUITIVE REPRESENTATION OF TREE NODE

List Representation
( A ( B ( E ( K, L ), F ), C ( G ), D ( H ( M ), I, J ) ) )
The root comes first, followed by a list of links to sub-trees

How many link fields are needed in

such a representation?

Data Link 1 Link 2 … Link n

 TREES

 Every tree node:

 object – useful information
 children – pointers to its children

Data

Data   Data  Data  

Data   Data   Data  

 A TREE REPRESENTATION

 A node is represented by an
object storing 
 Element
 Parent node B
 Sequence of children nodes

 

A D F
B

A D F

 
C E
C E
LEFT CHILD, RIGHT SIBLING
REPRESENTATION

Data
Left Right
Child Sibling A

B C D

E F G H I

J K L
TREE TRAVERSAL
 Two main methods:
 Preorder
 Postorder
 Recursive definition

 Preorder:
 visit the root
 traverse in preorder the children (subtrees)

 Postorder
 traverse in postorder the children (subtrees)
 visit the root
PREORDER TRAVERSAL
 A traversal visits the nodes of a tree in a Algorithm preOrder(v)
systematic manner visit(v)
 In a preorder traversal, a node is visited for each child w of v
before its descendants
preorder (w)
 Application: print a structured document

1
Become Rich

2 5 9
1. Motivations 2. Methods 3. Success Stories

3 4 6 7 8
1.1 Enjoy 1.2 Help 2.1 Get a CS 2.2 Start a 2.3 Acquired
Life Poor Friends PhD Web Site by Google
POSTORDER TRAVERSAL
 In a postorder traversal, a node is Algorithm postOrder(v)
visited after its descendants for each child w of v
 Application: compute space used by postOrder (w)
files in a directory and its
visit(v)
subdirectories

9
cs16/

8
3 7
todo.txt
homeworks/ programs/
1K

1 2 4 5 6
h1c.doc
h1c.doc h1nc.doc
h1nc.doc DDR.java
DDR.java Stocks.java
Stocks.java Robot.java
Robot.java
3K
3K 2K
2K 10K
10K 25K
25K 20K
20K
BINARY TREE
 A binary tree is a tree with the following Applications:
properties: arithmetic expressions
 Each internal node has at most two children decision processes
(degree of two)
 The children of a node are an ordered pair searching

 We call the children of an internal node left A

child and right child
 Alternative recursive definition: a binary B C
tree is either
 a tree consisting of a single node, OR
 a tree whose root has an ordered pair of
children, each of which is a binary tree
D E F G

H I
BINARYTREE ADT
 The BinaryTree ADT extends  Update methods may be
the Tree ADT, i.e., it inherits defined by data structures
all the methods of the Tree implementing the BinaryTree
ADT ADT
 Additional methods:
 position leftChild(p)
 position rightChild(p)
 position sibling(p)
Examples of the Binary Tree
Skewed Binary Tree Complete Binary Tree

A 1 A
A

B B 2
B C

C
3 D E F G
D

4 H I
E 5
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A TREE AND A BINARY
TREE

 The subtrees of a binary tree are ordered; those of a tree

are not ordered.

A A

B B

• Are different when viewed as binary trees.

• Are the same when viewed as trees.
DATA STRUCTURE FOR BINARY TREES
 A node is represented by an
object storing 
 Element
 Parent node
 Left child node
B
 Right child node

 

B A D

A D    

C E
C E
ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION TREE

 Binary tree associated with an arithmetic expression

 internal nodes: operators
 external nodes: operands
 Example: arithmetic expression tree for the expression (2  (a - 1) +
(3  b))

 

2 - 3 b

a 1
 DECISION TREE
 Binary tree associated with a decision process
 internal nodes: questions with yes/no answer
 external nodes: decisions

 Example: dining decision

Want a fast meal?

Yes No

How about coffee? On expense account?

Yes No Yes No
Starbucks Spike’s Al Forno Café Paragon
 Maximum Number of Nodes in a
Binary Tree

The maximum number of nodes on depth i of a binary tree is 2i, i>=0.

The maximum nubmer of nodes in a binary tree of height k is 2k+1-1,

k>=0.

Prove by induction.
k

 2 i

i 0
 2 k 1
1
 FULL BINARY TREE

 A full binary tree of a given height k has 2k+1–1 nodes.

Height 3 full binary tree.

 LABELING NODES IN A FULL BINARY TREE
 Label the nodes 1 through 2k+1 – 1.
 Label by levels from top to bottom.

 Within a level, label from left to right.

2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
 NODE NUMBER PROPERTIES

2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

 Parent of node i is node i / 2, unless i = 1.

 Node 1 is the root and has no parent.
 NODE NUMBER PROPERTIES
1

2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

 Left child of node i is node 2i, unless 2i > n, where n is the

number of nodes.
 If 2i > n, node i has no left child.
 NODE NUMBER PROPERTIES

2 3

4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

 Right child of node i is node 2i+1, unless 2i+1 > n, where n is

the number of nodes.
 If 2i+1 > n, node i has no right child.
 Complete Binary Trees
A labeled binary tree containing the labels 1 to n with root 1, branches
leading to nodes labeled 2 and 3, branches from these leading to 4, 5 and
6, 7, respectively, and so on.
A binary tree with n nodes and level k is complete iff its nodes
correspond to the nodes numbered from 1 to n in the full binary tree of
level k.

1 1

2 2 3
3

4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
8 9
Complete binary tree Full binary tree of depth 3
Binary Tree Traversals
Let l, R, and r stand for moving left, visiting
the node, and moving right.

There are six possible combinations of traversal

lRr, lrR, Rlr, Rrl, rRl, rlR

Adopt convention that we traverse left before

right, only 3 traversals remain
lRr, lrR, Rlr
inorder, postorder, preorder
 INORDER TRAVERSAL

 In an inorder traversal a node is Algorithm inOrder(v)

visited after its left subtree and if isInternal (v)
before its right subtree inOrder (leftChild (v))
visit(v)
if isInternal (v)
inOrder (rightChild (v))

2 8

1 4 7 9

3 5
 PRINT ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
 Specialization of an inorder traversal Algorithm inOrder (v)
 print operand or operator when visiting if isInternal (v){
node
 print “(“ before traversing left subtree print(“(’’)
 print “)“ after traversing right subtree inOrder (leftChild (v))}
print(v.element ())
if isInternal (v){
inOrder (rightChild (v))
+ print (“)’’)}

 

2 - 3 b ((2  (a - 1)) + (3  b))

a 1
 EVALUATE ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS

 recursive method returning the Algorithm evalExpr(v)

value of a subtree if isExternal (v)
 when visiting an internal node, return v.element ()
combine the values of the else
subtrees
x  evalExpr(leftChild (v))
y  evalExpr(rightChild (v))
  operator stored at v
+ return x  y

 

2 - 3 2

5 1
CREATIVITY:
PATHLENGTH(TREE) =  DEPTH(V) V  TREE
Algorithm pathLength(v, n)
Input: a tree node v and an initial value n
Output: the pathLength of the tree with root v
Usage: pl = pathLength(root, 0);

if isExternal (v)
return n
return
(pathLength(leftChild (v), n + 1) +
pathLength(rightChild (v), n + 1) + n)
EULER TOUR TRAVERSAL
 Generic traversal of a binary tree
 Includes a special cases the preorder, postorder and inorder traversals
 Walk around the tree and visit each node three times:
 on the left (preorder)
 from below (inorder)
 on the right (postorder)

L  R 
B
2 - 3 2

5 1
EULER TOUR TRAVERSAL
eulerTour(node v) {
perform action for visiting node on the left;
if v is internal then
eulerTour(v->left);
perform action for visiting node from below;
if v is internal then
eulerTour(v->right);
perform action for visiting node on the right;
}
TREE
BINARY TREE
 sebuah pengorganisasian secara hirarki dari
beberapa buah simpul, dimana masing-masing
simpul tidak mempunyai anak lebih dari 2.
 Simpul yang berada di bawah sebuah simpul
dinamakan anak dari simpul tersebut.
 Simpul yang berada di atas sebuah simpul
dinamakan induk dari simpul tersebut.
BINARY TREE
ISTILAH DALAM TREE
Term Definition
Node Sebuah elemen dalam sebuah tree; berisi sebuah informasi
Parent Node yang berada di atas node lain secara langsung; B adalah
parent dari D dan E
Child Cabang langsung dari sebuah node; D dan E merupakan children
dari B
Root Node teratas yang tidak punya parent
Sibling Sebuah node lain yang memiliki parent yang sama; Sibling dari
B adalah C karena memiliki parent yang sama yaitu A
Leaf Sebuah node yang tidak memiliki children. D, E, F, G, I adalah
leaf. Leaf biasa disebut sebagai external node, sedangkan node
selainnya disebut sebagai internal node. B, A, C, H adalah
internal node
Level Semua node yang memiliki jarak yang sama dari root.
Alevel 0; B,Clevel 1; D,E,F,G,Hlevel 2; Ilevel 3
Depth Jumlah level yang ada dalam tree
Complete Semua parent memiliki children yang penuh
Balanced Semua subtree memiliki depth yang sama
STRUKTUR BINARY TREE

 Masing-masing simpul dalam binary tree terdiri

dari tiga bagian yaitu sebuah data dan dua buah
pointer yang dinamakan pointer kiri dan kanan.
DEKLARASI TREE
typedef char typeInfo;
typedef struct Node tree;
struct Node {
typeInfo info;
tree *kiri; /* cabang kiri */
tree *kanan; /* cabang kanan */
};
PEMBENTUKAN TREE
 Dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara : rekursif dan
non rekursif
 Perlu memperhatikan kapan suatu node akan
dipasang sebagai node kiri dan kapan sebagai
node kanan.
 Misalnya ditentukan, node yang berisi info yang
nilainya “lebih besar” dari parent akan
ditempatkan di sebelah kanan dan yang “lebih
kecil” di sebelah kiri.
 Sebagai contoh jika kita memiliki informasi
“HKACBLJ” maka pohon biner yang terbentuk
PEMBENTUKAN TREE
PEMBENTUKAN TREE

Langkah-langkah Pembentukan Binary Tree

1. Siapkan node baru
- alokasikan memory-nya
- masukkan info-nya
- set pointer kiri & kanan = NULL
2. Sisipkan pada posisi yang tepat
- penelusuran  utk menentukan posisi yang tepat; info
yang nilainya lebih besar dari parent akan ditelusuri di
sebelah kanan, yang lebih kecil dari parent akan ditelusuri di
sebelah kiri
- penempatan  info yang nilainya lebih dari parent akan
ditempatkan di sebelah kanan, yang lebih kecil di sebelah kiri
 METODE TRAVERSAL

 Salah satu operasi yang paling umum dilakukan terhadap

sebuah tree adalah kunjungan (traversing)
 Sebuah kunjungan berawal dari root, mengunjungi setiap
node dalam tree tersebut tepat hanya sekali
 Mengunjungi artinya memproses data/info yang ada pada node ybs
 Kunjungan bisa dilakukan dengan 3 cara:
1. Preorder
2. Inorder
3. Postorder
 Ketiga macam kunjungan tersebut bisa dilakukan secara
rekursif dan non rekursif
PREORDER
 Kunjungan preorder, juga disebut dengan depth first
order, menggunakan urutan:
Cetak isi simpul yang dikunjungi
Kunjungi cabang kiri
Kunjungi cabang kanan
PREORDER
void preorder(pohon ph)
{
if (ph != NULL)
{
printf("%c ", ph->info);
preorder(ph->kiri);
preorder(ph->kanan);
}
}
PREORDER

B C

D E F G

ABDECFG
INORDER
 Kunjungan secara inorder, juga sering disebut dengan
symmetric order, menggunakan urutan:
 Kunjungi cabang kiri

 Cetak isi simpul yang dikunjungi

 Kunjungi cabang kanan

INORDER
void inorder(pohon ph)
{
if (ph != NULL)
{
inorder(ph->kiri);
printf("%c ", ph->info);
inorder(ph->kanan);
}
}
INORDER

B C

D E F G

DBEAFCG
POSTORDER
 Kunjungan secara postorder menggunakan urutan:
 Kunjungi cabang kiri

 Kunjungi cabang kanan

 Cetak isi simpul yang dikunjungi

POSTORDER
void postorder(pohon ph)
{
if (ph != NULL)
{
postorder(ph->kiri);
postorder(ph->kanan);
printf("%c ", ph->info);
}
}
POSTORDER

B C

D E F G

DEBFGCA
REFERENCES
 http://www.cse.unt.edu/~huangyan/3110/Lectures/Trees.
ppt