Lesson Objectives: sec.

1–Latin American People Win Independence

Ch. 24 sec.1–Latin American People Win
Independence
Colonial Society Divided
1. Latin America society was
divided into different classes.
Peninsulars were the top class.
They were people who had been
born in Spain. They usually held
the highest positions in Latin
America, such as governor of a
colony.
2. The second class was creoles- An example of
a creole man
Spaniards who had been born in
Latin America. They were well
educated and could hold important
positions in society like colonel in
the Spanish colonial army.
3. In order by class were
Meztizos (people of mixed
European-Native American
ancestry), Mulattos (people of Mestizo child
mixed European-African ancestry),
enslaved Africans, and Indians to
round out the other social groups. Mulatto Family
Revolutions in the Americas
1. One the first revolutions in the Americas occurred on the
French colony of Saint Dominique. Toussaint L’Ouverture led
an uprising of African slaves against the French.
Enlightenment Ideas Spread to Latin America, 1789–
1810
Creoles Lead Independence
1. Creoles were the ones primarily
responsible for spearheading the
independence movement in Latin
America.
2. Simon Bolivar was a brilliant
Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin
general who led revolutionary forces
to win Venezuela its independence.
3. He teamed up with Jose de San
Martin, who had just won Chile its
independence, to liberated many
parts of Spanish-speaking South
America.
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
1. In 1810, the revolution movement in Mexico began. It was led
by a village priest named Miguel Hidalgo.
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
1. The liberation movements
in Brazil were led by the
Creole-class, much like in the
Spanish parts of South
America.
2. However, the liberation of
Mexico and Brazil were very
different. Mexico’s revolutions
were extremely violent, while
Brazil’s were surprisingly
peaceful.
Ch. 24, sec. #2 – Europe Faces Revolutions
Clash of Philosophies
1. In 1800s Europe, three schools of
political thought struggled for supremacy.
1st Conservatives mostly wealthy
property owners and nobility who argued
for keeping monarchs in power.
2nd Liberal mostly middle-class business
leaders and merchants. Wanted to give
more power to elected Parliaments.
3rd Radical wanted democracy for all
people. Often poor people, who wanted
liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
Nationalism
1. Nationalism was a belief that
people should be loyal to a nation
of people with common beliefs and
culture, not to a monarch or
empire.
2. Nationalism was a force that
was opposed by conservatives
because it tore apart centuries-old
empires and gave rise to the
nation-state (a independent
government with its own territory
which represented the nation)
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
1. Mid-1800s, many European
ethnic groups were revolting and
trying to form their own nation-
states. The first to do so were the
Greeks who broke away from the
Ottoman Empire.
2. In 1848 many uprisings
occurred even in Vienna, where
angry mobs clashed with police.
This force Prince Klemens von
Metternich to resign.
Prince Klemens von
Metternich
Radicals Change France/Reforms in Russia
1. While France seemed to be moving
back towards a monarchy with Louis-
Napoleon Bonaparte taking the title of
emperor, Russia was moving more
towards a democracy when Czar
Alexander II freed the serfs. Louis-Napoleon

2. However, France and Russia were

similar in that they both were pursuing
more industrialization.

Czar Alexander II
Ch. 24, Sec. #3 – Nationalism
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
1. The Austrian Empire
contained many people of
different ethnic backgrounds. It
began to lose its hold over its
people after losing the Austro-
Prussian War in 1866 and
eventually split into the two
independent states, Austria
and Hungary.
2. The Russian Empire also
contained many ethnic minorities. A
policy of Russification was put in
place to force all people to accept
Russian culture. It backfired as
nationalist feelings grew among
ethnic minorities.
Cavour Unites Italy
1. In the mid-1800s, Count
Camillo di Cavour expanded
the Italian State of Piedmont-
Sardinia’s power and unified
Italy.
2. Giuseppe Garibaldi and
his soldiers known as “red
shirts” worked to unify
southern Italy.
3. Northern and southern Italy
were joined under the control
of King Victor Emanuel II.
Bismarck Unites Germany
1. As in Italy, the unification of Germany
involved the use of military force to unify
various territories.
2. Members of the powerful landowning
class in Germany were known as
Junkers. In 1862, a Junker named Otto
von Bismarck was named Prime Minister
of Germany. He practiced realpolitik
(politics of reality).
3. Bismarck believed it was the destiny of
the weak to be devoured by the strong.
4. In the 1860s, he expanded the
state of Prussia.
5. He would use military force and
even manufacture political
“incidents” to achieve political goals.
He used deception to accuse the
French ambassador of insulting the
Prussian King, which led to a war
between France and Prussia.
6. This ruthless leadership helped
form the Second Reich. Prussia and
German states had unified as
Germany.
Ch. 24, Sec. #4 – Revolutions in the Arts
The Romantic Movement
1. In the late 1700s, a new
movement in the arts known as
Romanticism had begun. It
valued nature, feelings and
individual emotions of common
people.
2. Romanticism was linked to
nationalism, because they both
valued national heroes and
cultural pride as themes.
3. The Gothic novel was a major part
of Romantic literature. Mary
Shelley’s Frankenstein is an example
of an early Gothic horror story with its
monster created from corpses.
4. Music changed during this time as
it became a part of middle-class life.
5. One of the first European
composers to experiment with
romanticism in music was Ludwig
van Beethoven.
The Shift to Realism in the Arts
1. As industrialization started to
become a bigger part of peoples’
lives, Romanticism with its idealistic
beauty seemed pointless to some.
2. Many artists began to focus on
depicting life as it really was in a new
artistic movement known as realism.
3. Realism was used to show the bad
things in life like oppressive working
conditions.
Impressionists React to Against Realism
1. Impressionistic artists and
composers wanted to illustrate a
moment in time.
2. One impressionist artist who
wanted to react against realism
was the painter Renoir.