Working Principle

of Transformer
PRESENTED BY PROF. VG PATEL

VG PATEL
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
Principle of Transformer:
A transformer has a closed magnetic circuit called the core.
Two or more windings are placed on the core. One of the
winding (called the primary winding) is supplied with alternating
voltage of power frequency (50 Hz). The primary winding takes
no-load current (I0) from the supply and sets-up alternating
magnetic flux of 50 Hz in the core. As the secondary winding is
also placed on the same core, the magnetic flux linking with the
secondary winding also changes continuously at a rate of 50
Hz. Thereby, e.m.f. is induced in the secondary winding by
induction principle. The e.m.f. induced in the secondary winding
has the same frequency as that of the magnetic flux and
primary exciting current. However, the e.m.f. has a direction
opposite to applied voltage.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

The transformer works on the mutual induction

action, i.e. if the two coils be placed near to each
other and if one is connected to the A.C. supply, the
e.m.f. will be induced in the other coil. The e.m.f.
induced will be according to the turns in the secondary
coil.
A transformer has two or more separate winding
placed on a common magnetic core. It works on
induction principle. The primary winding is supplied
with alternating current of supply frequency. Thereby
alternating magnetic flux of the same frequency is
produced in the magnetic core.
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The flux linkage of the secondary winding also

changes at the same frequency, resulting in induced
e.m.f. of the same frequency in the secondary winding
by electromagnetic induction.
The core and the windings are enclosed in a tank
filled with dielectric oil. The terminals of the winding
are connected to the internal end of bushing. The
bushing provides the necessary insulating support to
the conductor passing through the earthed tank. The
bushings are supported on the tank-cover.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

Coupling by mutual induction

The principles of the transformer are illustrated
by consideration of a hypothetical ideal
transformer. In this case, the core requires
negligible magnetomotive force to sustain flux,
and all flux linking the primary winding also
links the secondary winding. The hypothetical
ideal transformer has no resistance in its coils.

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SINGLE PHASE

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER Working Principle
 The primary is the winding which receives electric power and the
secondary is the one which may deliver it. The coils are wound
on a laminated core of magnetic material.
 The physical basis of a transformer is mutual inductance
between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux through
a path of low reluctance as shown in figure.
 The two coils posses high mutual inductance. If one coil is
connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux
is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked up with
the other coil in which it produces mutually induced emf
(Electromotive Force)according to Faraday’s law of electro-
magnetic induction. i.e.
e=M di/dt
where, e=induced emf
M=mutual inductance
If the second circuit is closed, a current flows in it and so electric
energy is transferred(entirely magnetically) from the first coil
(primary winding) to the second coil(secondary winding).

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
Principle of operation
1. When current in the primary coil
changes being alternating in
nature, a changing magnetic field
is produced
2. This changing magnetic field
gets associated with the secondary
through the soft iron core
3. Hence magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes.
4. Which induces e.m.f. in the
secondary.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
Principle of operation
Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
According to these Faraday's laws, "Rate of change of flux linkage
with respect to time is directly proportional to the induced EMF in a
conductor or coil".
Basic Theory of Transformer
Say you have one winding which is supplied by an alternating
electrical source. The alternating current through the winding
produces a continually changing flux or alternating flux that surrounds
the winding. If any other winding is brought nearer to the previous
one, obviously some portion of this flux will link with the second. As
this flux is continually changing in its amplitude and direction, there
must be a change in flux linkage in the second winding or coil.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, there must
be an EMF induced in the second. If the circuit of the later winding is
closed, there must be an current flowing through it. This is the
simplest form of electrical power transformer and this is the most
basic of working principle of transformer.
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Principle of operation

The rms value of the induced voltages are

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Principle of operation
For ideal transformer E1=V1 and E2= V2

The power in ideal transformer

Then

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
A Transformer changes the voltage level (or current
level) on its input winding to another value on its output
winding using a magnetic field. A transformer consists of
two electrically isolated coils and operates on Faraday’s
principal of “mutual induction”, in which an EMF is
induced in the transformers secondary coil by the
magnetic flux generated by the voltages and currents
flowing in the primary coil winding.
Both the primary and secondary coil windings are
wrapped around a common soft iron core made of
individual laminations to reduce eddy current and power
losses. The primary winding of the transformer is
connected to the AC power source which must be
sinusoidal in nature, while the secondary winding supplies
power to the load.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
An alternating voltage applied to one winding creates
a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which
induces a voltage in the other windings. Varying the
relative number of turns between primary and
secondary windings determines the ratio of the input
and output voltages, thus transforming the voltage by
stepping it up or down between circuits.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
The EMF in the secondary winding will cause current to
flow in a secondary circuit. The MMF produced by
current in the secondary winding opposes the MMF of
the primary winding and so tends to cancel the flux in
the core. Since the reduced flux reduces the EMF
induced in the primary winding, increased current flows
in the primary circuit. The resulting increase in MMF
due to the primary current offsets the effect of the
opposing secondary MMF. In this way, the electrical
energy fed into the primary winding is delivered to the
secondary winding. In addition, the flux density will
always stay the same as long as the primary voltage is
steady.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
When a load is connected to the secondary output terminals of a
transformer as shown in Figure, a current I2 flows into the load and
into transformer secondary winding N2. The current I2 which flowing
in N2 produces flux Φ2 which opposes - by Lenz’s law - to the main
magnetic flux Φ in the transformer core. This will weaken or slightly
reduce the main flux Φ to Φ’.
The reduction of main flux Φ - by Faraday’s law - could also reduce
the induced voltage in primary winding E1. Consequently E1 is now
smaller than the supply voltage V1, then the primary current would
be increased due to that potential differences. Therefore on loaded
transformer, the primary current has an additional current of I1’.
The extra current I1’ which flowing in the primary winding N1
produces flux Φ1 which naturally react according to Lenz’s law,
demagnetize the flux Φ2. Therefore the net magnetic flux in the core
is always maintained at original value, it is the main flux Φ (the flux
which produced by the magnetizing current).
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Working principle of Transformer

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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
The basic principle behind working of a transformer is
the phenomenon of mutual induction between two windings
linked by common magnetic flux. The figure in previous
slide shows the simplest form of a transformer. Basically a
transformer consists of two inductive coils; primary winding
and secondary winding. The coils are electrically separated
but magnetically linked to each other. When, primary
winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage,
alternating magnetic flux is produced around the winding.
The core provides magnetic path for the flux, to get linked
with the secondary winding. Most of the flux gets linked
with the secondary winding which is called as 'useful flux'
or main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with
secondary winding is called as 'leakage flux'. 
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WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
As the flux produced is alternating (the direction of it is
continuously changing), EMF gets induced in the
secondary winding according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. This emf is called “mutually
induced emf”, and the frequency of mutually induced emf is
same as that of supplied emf. If the secondary winding is
closed circuit, then mutually induced current flows through
it, and hence the electrical energy is transferred from one
circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary).

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THANQ

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