REPRODUCTIVE &

SEXUAL HEALTH
 Is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of
infirmity or disease, in all matters relating to the
reproductive system and to its functions and
processes.
 Is defined as the constellation of methods,
techniques, and services that contribute to the
reproductive health and well-being by preventing
and solving reproductive health problems.
 People are able to have a
satisfying and safe sex life
 Have the capability to reproduce
 Have the freedom to decide if, when
and how often to do so.
 To ensure that comprehensive and factual
information and a full range of reproductive
health care services are accessible, affordable,
acceptable and convenient to all users.
 To enable and support responsible
voluntary decisions about child-bearing and
methods of family planning.
 To meet changing reproductive health needs
over the life cycle and to do in ways sensitive
to the diversity
 Family planning
 Counseling
 Information
 Education
 Communication & services
 Education & services for parental care
 Prevention & appropriate treatment of infertility
 Abortion
 Treatment of reproductive tract infections
 STD & other reproductive health conditions
 Human sexuality
 Responsible parenthood
 Fertility – means the actual number of births applied to an individual
or to a group; this is the actual reproduction/actual output
 Fecundity – is the biological capacity of a woman (or a couple) to
have children in the future; this is the ability to reproduce or the
potential output
Retrieved frpm https://pediaa.com/difference-between-fertility-and-fecundity/
 GENERAL DETERMINANTS FOR REPRODUCTION

1. Heredity > the ability to reproduce is relatively influenced by

fecundity of one’s ancestor.

Ex. Defects in sex organs affect fecundity and is inherited.

2. Health > if a person is in good, he has the highest possible fecundity.

Ex. There are diseases that adversely affect a person’s reproductive capacity.
3. Age > Reproduction begins at puberty, develops during adolescence and
reaches a high point of maturity.

4. Emotional Surroundings > A good environment helps in the proper

development of the fetus.

5. Ovulation cycle > Every 28 days, one or more ova are released during
ovulation – a process in which the egg cells mature.
6. Lactation > pregnancy is usually impeded as the mammary glands are active.

7. Pregnancy Wastage > This refers to miscarriage or spontaneous abortion or

stillbirth. Stillbirth constitutes a longer interruption in pregnancy.
UNITIVE AND
PROCREATIVE
HEALTH
PROCREATION, CREATION AND
EVOLUTION:

■ Procreation: is the creation of a new human person,

by the act of sexual intercourse, by a man and a
woman.
PROCREATION, CREATION AND
EVOLUTION:

■ Creation: is the making of all things from nothing,

by an act of God, at some time in the past. God’s
action could have taken a second, or 6 days, or a
million years.
PROCREATION, CREATION AND
EVOLUTION:

■ Evolutionary theory: is the theory that all things came

about by the repeated ramdom actions of natural
selection, whereby:
1.Life came into existence, and then
2.Primitive life evolved into more and more complex
organism, and eventually producing mankind.

Evolutionary theory requires the assumption of

billions of years for its processes.
Family
Basic social institution and the primary group in
society
Consists of those individuals, male or female,
youth or adult, legally or not legally related,
genetically or not genetically related who are
considered by the others to represent their
significant persons.
According to MURDOK is a social group
characterized by common residence, economic
cooperation and reproduction.
1. The family as a social group is universal and significant
element in man’s social life.
2. It is the first social group to which the individual is
exposed.
3. Family contact and relationships are repetitive and
continuous.
4. The family is very close and intimate group
 CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILY AS A CLIENT

1. The family is behaving, functioning organism.

2. The family develops its own lifestyle.
3. The family operated as a group.
4. The family accommodates to the need of the
individual.
Characteristics of HEALTHY FAMILIES
1. Communicates and listens
2. Supports its members
3. Teaches respect for others
4. Develops trust
5. Plays and shares a sense of humor
6. Strong sense of family
7. Seeks help when necessary
Recognizing interruptions of health or development.
Seeking health care; Managing Health and non- health crises
Providing nursing care to the sick, disabled and dependent
member of the family.
Maintaining a home environment conductive to good health and
personal development.
Maintaining a reciprocal relationship with the community and
health and institutions.
FAMILY STAGES AND TASKS
STAGE TASK

- Establishing a
mutually satisfying
BEGINNING marriage
FAMILY - Planning to have

or not to have
children
 STAGE TASKS
- Having and adjusting to
infant
CHILD-BEARING - Supporting the needs of
FAMILY these members
- Renegotiating marital

relationship
 STAGE TASKS
 adjusting the cost of family
life
FAMILY WITH  adapting the needs of pre-
PRE-SCHOOL school children to stimulate
CHILDREN growth and development
 coping with parental loss of
energy and privacy
 STAGE TASKS
adjusting to the
-

activity of growing
children
FAMILY WITH -
promoting joint
SCHOOL-AGE
decisions between
CHILDREN
children and parents
- encouraging and

supporting children’s
educational
achievements
 STAGE TASKS
Maintaining open
-
communication among
members
FAMILY - supporting ethical and moral
WITH values within the family
TEEN- - balancing freedom with
AGERS AND responsibility
YOUNG - releasing young adults with

ADULTS appropriate rituals and

assistance
- strengthening marital

relationship
 STAGE TASKS
- Preparing for
retirement
POST-PARENTAL - maintaining ties
FAMILY
with older and
younger generations
STAGE TASKS
 Adjusting to retirement
 adjusting to loss of
AGING
FAMILY
spouse
 closing family house
F- father
A - and
M- mother
I - implying the presence of children
where
L- love must prevail between me
and
Y- you
TYPES OF FAMILY

A. MEMBERSHIP
1. Nuclear Family – composed of a husband,
wife and their children in a union, recognize by
the other members of society
■ Family of Orientation – the family to which one
is born, reared and socialized. It consists of a
father, mother, brothers and sisters.
■ Family of Procreation – the family established
by the person by his/her marriage, consists of a
husband, wife, sons and daughters.
2. Polygamous Family – composed of 2 or more nuclear
families affiliated through plural marriage
(ex. Muslims, Arabians)
3. Extended Family – composed of 2 or more nuclear
families affiliated with each other or extensions of
parent-child relationship and is common in a society that
is related to each other.
B. DESCENT – cultural norms which affiliates a person
with a particular group of kinsman for certain social
purposes.
1. Patrilineal – affiliates a person with a group of relatives
who are related to him through his father.
2. Matrilineal – related through the mother
3. Bilatelineal – both parent
C. AUTHORITY

1. Patriarchal – authority is vested on the father

2. Matriarchal – authority is vested on the mother
3. Equilitarian – husband and wife exercise a more or less
equal amount of authority.
D. RESIDENCE OR LOCATION
1. Patrilocal – family resides/ stays with or near domicile
of the parents of the husband
2. Matrilocal – lives near the domicile of the parents of the
wife.
3. Neolocal – family resides/stays away from the relatives.
4. Avunculocal- prescribes the newly wed couple to
reside with or near the maternal uncle of the groom.
E. NAMING
1. Patronymic – the names are derived
from that of the father or his descent
2. Matronymic – the names are derived
from that of the mother of his ancient
3. Pynimic – one to which combines the
name of both parents
 TYPES OF FAMILIES IN TODAY’S SOCIETY

1. Nuclear family

A family structure of parents and their offspring.

Also known as primary or elementary family
 
2. Extended family
Compose of relatives of nuclear families, such as grandparents
or aunts and uncles.
 
3. Traditional family
Is viewed as autonomous unit in which both
parents reside in the home with their children, the
mother often assuming the nurturing role and the
father providing the necessary economic
resources.
4. Two- career family
In two career or dual career families, both partners are
employed. They may or may not have children.
Finding good quality, affordable child care is one of the
greatest stresses faced by working parents.
5. Single- Parent family
Single parenthood includes death of spouse, separation,
divorce, birth of a child to an unmarried woman, or adoption
of a child by a single man or woman.
 
6. Adolescent family
Young parents that are often developmentally, physically,
emotionally and financially ill prepared to undertake the
responsibility of parenthood.
7. Foster family
A family with or without their own children may house more
than one foster child at a time or different children over many
years.
Children can no longer live with their birth parents may
require placement with a family that has agreed to include
them temporarily.
8. Blended family
Existing family units who join together to form new
families.
Also called as step or reconstituted families.
 
9. Intragenerational family
Children continually live with their parents even after
having their own children or the grand parents may move in
with their grown children’s families after some years of living
apart.
10. Cohabitating family
Also called as communal families
Consists of unrelated individuals or families who live under
one roof

Reasons for cohabitating maybe need for companionship, a

desire to achieve a sense of family, testing a relationship or
commitment or sharing expenses and household
management
11. Gay and Lesbian family
Homosexual adults may form gay and lesbian families based on
the same goals of caring and commitment seen in heterosexual
relationship.
Children raised in these family units develop sex role orientation
and behavior similar to children in the general population.
12. Single adults living alone
Individuals who live by themselves represent a significant portion
of today’s society.
Older adults may find themselves single through divorce,
separation or death of a spouse.
Family Systems Theory

Dr. Murray Bowen

• that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one

another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an
emotional unit.

• Families are systems of interconnected and interdependent

individuals, none of whom can be understood in isolation from
the system.
• According to WHO, reproductive and sexual ill-health
accounts the global burden of ill-health
 For women 20%
 For men 14%

• It is closely related to other aspects of health.

Love,
affection and sexual healthintimacy, all pay a role in
your relationship.
Sexuality:
• The quality of the
male and female reproductive
characteristic
elements.
Sexual health:
• In 1975 WHO defined sexual health
as, “integration of somatic,
emotional, intellectual and social
aspect of sexual being, in ways that
are positively enriching and that
enhances
personality, communication and
love.”
Sexual identity
■ describes how a person identifies related to their sexual
orientation

■ Hence a man who exclusively prefers women will usually

have a straight or heterosexual sexual identity, and a
woman who exclusively prefers women usually a lesbian or
homosexual sexual identity.
Gender identity
■ describes the gender with which a person
identifies (i.e, whether one perceives
oneself to be a man, a woman, or
describes oneself in some less
conventional way.

■ Gender identity may be affected by a

variety of social structures, including the
person's ethnic group, employment
status, religion or irreligion, and family.
Gender role
■ a set of perceived behavioral norms
associated particularly with males or
females, in a given social group or
system.
terms
■ Come out
– 1) To disclose one's own sexual identity to another. [I came out to my mother
over Thanksgiving vacation.] 2) To discover that one's own sexual identity is
different than previously assumed. [I came out to myself three months ago.] 3)
To deal with one's own and others' reactions to the discovery or revelation of
one's sexual identity. 4) (- for) To disclose another's sexual identity with their
permission or at their request. [I asked my mother to come out to my
grandparents for me.] (See out.) 4) Sometimes applied to disclosure of other
information than one's sexual identity.
■ Cross Dresser (CD)
– One (regardless of the motivation) who wears clothes, makeup, etc. which are
considered (by the culture) appropriate for the other sex but not one's own.
■ Drag (In Drag)
– 1) Clothes, often unusual or dramatic, especially those considered appropriate
to the other sex. 2) Can be applied to any recognizable "look." [_(to a man in
a suite)_: I see you are in corporate drag today.] 3) _In drag_: Wearing
clothes of the opposite sex. [I went to the halloween party in drag.]
terms
■ Drag Queen
– A M->F transvestite who employs dramatic clothes, makeup,and
mannerisms, often for other people's appreciation.
■ Dyke
– Reclaimed derogatory slang. Refers to Lesbians, or to Lesbians
and Bisexual women.
■ Electrolysis
– Process of killing hair follicles, especially of facial and neck hair,
usually with an electric needle.
terms
■ F->M
– Female to male. Used to specify the direction of a sex or gender role change.
■ Femme
– 1) Feminine or effeminate dress and behavior, regardless of sex or gender
identity. 2) A sub-identity of lesbian or gay, based on masculine or macho
dress and behavior. (See butch.)
■ Female
– One who has a vagina.
■ Female Impersonator (FI)
– A male who, on specific occasions, cross dresses and employs stereotypical
feminine dialog, voice, and mannerisms for the entertainment of other people.
terms
■ Feminine
– The gender role assigned to females.
■ Fetishistic Transvestite
– A Transvestite who consistently eroticizes Cross Dressing. May also
eroticize fantasies of gender/sex change.
■ Gay (man/male) (community)
– One who has significant sexual and romantic attractions primarily
to members of the same sex (as oneself), or who identifies as a
member of the gay community. Sometimes refers only to gay males,
sometimes only to gay males and lesbians. Although some people
use the term gay (commmunity) to refer to all sexual minorities (or
the sexual minority community), Lesbians and Bisexuals often do not
feel included by it. Derogatory slang includes: queer, faggot, swish.
terms

■ Gender (identity)
– A psychological gender role. Masculine or feminine.
■ Gender (identity) community
– People who identify as transvestite, transsexual, or transgendered, or as members
of the gender community. Members of the gender community do not necessarily
identify as members of the sexual minority community. (See transgender
community.)
■ Gender dysphoria (GD)
– Unhappiness or discomfort experienced by one whose sexual organs do not match
one's gender identity.
terms
■ Gender neutral
– Clothing, behaviors, thoughts, feelings, relationships, etc. which are
considered appropriate for members of both sexes.
■ Gender role
– Arbitrary rules, assigned by society, that define what clothing,
behaviors, thoughts, feelings, relationships, etc. are considered
appropriate and inappropriate for members of each sex. Some
clothing, behaviors, etc. are considered appropriate for members of
both sexes. Which things are considered masculine, feminine, or
neutral varies according to location, class, occasion, and numerous
other factors. (See masculine, feminine, and gender neutral.)
■ Genetic Boy (GB)
– Colloquial term for Genetic Male. (See boy.)
terms
■ Genetic Male/Man (GM)
– One who was considered male from birth, regardless of one's
present sex or gender identity.
■ Genetic Female/Woman (GF/GM)
– One who was born female, regardless of one's present sex or
gender identity.
■ Genetic Girl (GG)
– Colloquial term for Genetic Female. (See girl.)
■ Girl
– 1) A young female. 2) Colloquial term for feminine. Often used to
specify gender of clothes. ["My girl clothes."] Girl has often been
used as a condescending term for a woman, and is therefore
distasteful to many people. (See boy.)
terms
■ Hermaphrodite
– One who has both a penis and a vagina.
■ Heterosexual (het)
– One who has significant sexual and romantic attractions primarily to members
of the other sex (than oneself.) Derogatory terms include: breeder. (See straight.)
■ Heterosexism
– The assumption that identifying as heterosexual and having sexual and romantic
attractions only to members of the other sex (than oneself) is good and
acceptable, and that other sexual identities and attractions are bad and
unacceptable. The assumption that anyone is straight whose sexual orientation
is not known, usually coupled with a "blindness" to the existence and concerns
of LesBiGays.
■ Homophile (community)
– Obsolete term for gay male (community.)
terms
■ Homophobia
– Originally, an irrational fear of sexual attraction to the same sex. Developed
into a term for the oppression of Lesbians and Gay men, and later into a term
for all aspects of the oppression of Lesbians, Gay men, and Bisexuals
(sometimes does not include bisexuals.) This oppression ranges from not
including LesBiGays in one's circle of friends and media reports on and
representations of society, through the cold shoulder, snide comments, verbal
harrassment, assault, rape, and murder based on the target person's (perceived)
sexual identity. (See also Biphobia.)
■ Homophobe
– One who is afraid of or oppresses people because one (perceives them to) have
sexual and romantic attractions to members of the same sex.
■ Homosexual
– Formal or clinical term for gay, usually meaning gay male, sometimes meaning
LesGay, and occasionally meaning LesBiGay. Homosexual and homosexuality
are often associated with the proposition that same gender attractions are a
mental disorder (homophilia), and are therefore distasteful to some people.
terms

■ Hormone therapy
– Used to change secondary sex characteristics, including breast size, weight distribution, and facial hair
growth. (See electolysis.)
■ Identify/ied (as)
– To think of oneself as having a particular sexual identity or gender identity. [I identify as a bisexual. I am
bi-identified.] To emphaise that an identity term refers to one's internal reality, as opposed to what others
think or observe of one, self-identify is sometimes used.
■ Identity
– How one thinks of oneself. One's internal self, as opposed to what others observe or think about one. (See
Label.)
■ Label
– How someone else sees or thinks of one. (See identity.)
terms
■ Lesbian
– A woman who has significant sexual and romantic attractions to
members of the same sex, or who identifies as a member of the
lesbian community. Bisexual women often do not feel included by
this term. Derogatory slang: dyke, lesbo.
■ LesBiGay (community)
– Contraction of "lesbian, bisexual, and gay." Colloquial term for the
sexual minority community or its members. Often spelled with
capital "B" and "G" to prevent misinterpretation as "lesbian and
gay." (See sexual minority/identity community.)
■ LesGay
– Contraction of "lesbian and gay." Sometimes used to mean
LesBiGay, but bisexual women and men often do not feel included by
this term.
terms
■ M->F
– Male to female. Used to specify the direction of a sex or gender role
change.
■ Male
– One who has a penis.
■ Male Impersonator
– A female who, on specific occasions, cross dresses and employs
stereotypical masculine dialog, voice, and mannerisms for the
entertainment of other people.
■ Masculine
– The gender role assigned to males.
■ Monogendered
– One who is comfortable in only one gender role. (Do people actually
use this, or is it just a syntactic extension of bigendered?)
terms
■ Monosexual
– One who has significant sexual and romantic attractions primarily to
members of one sex. Straight, Gay, Lesbian. Someone who is not
Bisexual.
■ Neuter
– 1) One who has neither a penis nor a vagina. 2) Occasionally used to
mean androgenous.
■ Other sex/gender
– The other sex or gender than the reference person's own. [She has an
other sex partner (than her own sex).] [Are you currently in a
relationship with a member of the same sex (as yourself)?]
■ (to be) Out
– To be open about one's sexual identity with someone or in a situation.
[I am out to my mother.] [I am out at work.] (See come out.)
terms
■Out (someone)
– 1) To disclose a second person's sexual identity to a third person, especially
without the second person's permission. 2) To disclose one's own sexual
identity, sometimes without choosing to do so. [I outed myself by leaving a
political letter on my desk, which my boss saw when he was looking for me.]
(See come out.)
■ Pre-operative transsexual (Pre-op TS)
– One who is actively planning to switch physical sexes, mostly to relieve gender
dysphoria. Probably, but not necessarily, cross dresses, takes hormone
therapy, and gets electrolysis. (See transsexual.)
■ Primary sex organs
– Penis (male) or vagina (female.) (See female, male, hermaphrodite, neuter.)
■ Queer
– 1) Reclaimed derogatory slang for the sexual minority community (eg. Queer
Nation.) Not accepted by all the sexual minority community, especially older
members. 2. Sometimes used for an even wider spectrum of marginalized or
radicalized groups and individuals.
terms
■ Same sex/gender
– The same sex or gender as the reference person's own. [He has a same sex partner
(as his own sex).] [Are you currently in a relationship with a member of the same
sex (as yourself)?]
■ Self-identify/identity as
– See identify as and identity.
■ Sex
– Male or female, depending on one's primary sex organs.
■ Sex role
– See gender role.
■ Sexual identity
– How one thinks of oneself, in terms of being significantly attracted to members of
the same or the other sex. Based on one's internal experience, as opposed to which
gender one's actual sexual partners belong to. (See sexual orientation/preference.)
terms
■ Sexual identity/minority community
– The community of people who have significant sexual and
romantic attractions to members of the same sex, or who identify
as a member of the sexual minority community. A formal term
which includes LesBiGays and sometimes members of the gender
community. Members of the sexual minority community usually
do not identify as members of the gender community.
■ Sexual orientation/preference
– How one thinks of her/himself, in terms of being significantly
attracted to members the same or the other sex. Sexual
orientation emphasizes that some people feel that one has no
control or influence over the development of one's sexual and
romantic attractions or one's sexual orientation. Sexual
preference emphasizes that some people feel that one does or
should have some control or influence over the development of
one's sexual and romantic attractions or sexual one's orientation.
terms
■ Sexual Reassignment Surgery (SRS)
– A surgical procedure which changes one's primary sexual organs
from one sex to another (penis to vagina or vagina to penis.)
■ SRS
– Colloquial for Sexual Reassignment Surgery.
■ Straight
– Colloquial for heterosexual. Because straight has connotations of
"unadulterated," "pure," and "honest," some members of the sexual
identity community object to the implication that one who is not
straight is "bent," "adulterated," "impure," or "dishonest." Straight
has connotations of "narrow," "straight-laced" or "conservative,"
and some heterosexual-identified people object find it distasteful.
terms
■ Transgender community
– Formal term for gender community.
■ Transgendered (TG)
– One who switches gender roles, whether just once, or many times at will.
Inclusive term for transsexuals and transvestites.
■ Transsexual (TS)
– One who switches physical sexes (usually just once, but there are exceptions.)
Primary sex change is accomplished by surgery. (See SRS.) Hormone therapy,
electrolysis, additional surgery, and other treatments can change secondary sex
characteristics. (See Pre-op TS.)
■ Transvestite (TV)
– One who mainly cross dresses for pleasure in the appearance and sensation.
The pleasure may not be directly erotic. It may be empowering, rebellious, or
something else. May feel comfortable in a focused transgender role while cross
dressed. May occasionally experience gender dysphoria.
Female fertility cycle…
 The average woman has a 28 day fertility cycle.
 Day 1 is assigned to the first day of her menstrual
period.
 menstrual cycle lasts an average of 5 days.
 From day 6-12 or 13, a new egg is maturing inside
an ovarian follicle, and a new lining is forming inside
the uterus in preparation for a fertilized egg
 on day 14 or so, the mature egg erupts from the
follicle and is swept up and into the fallopian tube.
(OVULATION)
 Any sperm that were already present in the tube or
that newly enter the tube may fertilize the egg during
the next 24 hours.

 If the egg is not fertilized, it dissolves and the uterine lining continues to thicken. If the egg is
fertilized, it implants itself in the uterine lining. The empty follicle, filled with corpus luteum, now
produces large amounts of progesterone to signal the body that a pregnancy is proceeding.
Female fertility hormones…
The menstrual cycle is hormonally
driven, and can be divided into
approximately two halves:
 FOLLICULAR PHASE
 secretions of luteinizing hormone
(LH), follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH), and estrogen support the
growth of the follicle (the cell
complex that surrounds and
nurtures the egg) in the ovary and
build up the lining of the uterus to
receive a fertilized egg.

 At mid-cycle, when the egg is ready, a surge of LH and FSH chemically signals the
ovary to release the egg. This stage is called ovulation, and is the optimum time for
fertilization to take place.
Female menstrual cycle, days 1-5…
 LUTEAL PHASE
 the remnants of the follicle (corpus
luteum) keep secreting estrogen and
progesterone to maintain the
readiness of the uterus.
 If the egg is fertilized, then this phase
continues throughout pregnancy.
 If the egg is not fertilized, then the
corpus luteum dies, the uterus sheds
its lining, menses begins.
 Most periods vary from light to heavy flows; they tend to get shorter and more
regular with age. The average U.S. girl gets her first period at age 12, called the
‘menarche’, but the range of age is about 8 to 15 years old.
 Women usually have periods until about ages 45 to 55 or when they menopause
(the cessation of menstruation)
Female menstrual cycle, days 1-5…
Problems with periods include the
following:
 amenorrhea (Ā men ah REE ah) (no
period)
 dysmenorrhea (painful period)
 abnormal bleeding.

Women wear a pad externally or a tampon internally to

collect the menstrual flow. A tampon should be changed
every 4-8 hours to avoid TSS (toxic shock syndrome), a
potentially deadly disease.
Ovulation, day 14…
 Each month inside the
woman’s ovaries, a group
of eggs starts to grow in
small, fluid-filled sacs
called follicles. Eventually
one of the eggs erupts from
the follicle (ovulation). It
usually happens about two
weeks before the next
period.

 After the egg leaves the follicle, the follicle develops into the corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum releases a hormone that helps thicken the lining of the
uterus, getting it ready for the egg.
Ovulation, day 14…
 As the woman approaches ovulation, the
estrogen levels begin to surge, which causes the
cervix to secrete more “fertile quality” cervical
mucus, also known as egg white cervical mucus
(EWCM). It is clear, stretchy, and less acidic, and
is the perfect protective medium for sperm in
terms of texture and pH.
 If cervical mucus is thick, sticky, and cloudy, it
has a closely knit fiber structure, low water-
content, and is acidic. Sperm are caught up in it,
and are immobilized by the acidic environment.
Only if cervical mucus is in a thin, slippery, less
acidic state will sperms be able to penetrate, and
survive the fluid, and that is only naturally
possible during ovulation.
 HUMAN SEXUALITY

■ Sexuality has always been a part of human life, but it is only in the past
few decades that it has been studied scientifically.
■ One common finding of researchers has been that feelings and attitudes
about sex vary widely: the sexual experience is unique to each individual,
but sexual physiology (i.e., how the body responds to sexual arousal) has
common features (Baram & Basson, 2007)
■ comprises a broad range of behavior and processes: physiological,
psychological, social, cultural, political, philosophical, ethical, moral,
theological, legal and spiritual or religious aspects of sex and human
sexual behavior.
The word SEX denotes whether a person is male
or female• . or sex difference. But sexuality is
related to sexual behavior, gender consciousness,
and sexual nature
Sexual intercourse
■ also called coitus or copulation
■ the reproductive act in which the male penis enters the female
vagina. If the reproductive act is complete, an average of 100
million sperm are ejaculated from the male body into the
female.
■ In human beings, a pattern of physiological events occurs
during sexual arousal and intercourse. These events take
place in 4 stages or phases, identified by Masters & Johnson:
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
1.Excitement Phase
 “Foreplay” ( sexual activities that create sexual arousal)
 last from a few minutes to several hours
 include the following:
 Muscle tension increases.
 Heart rate quickens and breathing is accelerated.
 Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back).
 Nipples become hardened or erect.
 Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman's clitoris and labia minora (inner
lips), and erection of the man's penis.
 Vaginal lubrication begins.
 The woman's breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell.
 The man's testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a lubricating liquid.
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
Plateau
2.

extends to the brink of orgasm

include the following:
 The changes begun in phase 1 are intensified.
 The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal walls turn a dark
purple.
 The woman's clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch) and retracts
under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from the penis.
 The man's testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum.
 Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure continue to increase.
 Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, & hands.
 Muscle tension increases.
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
3.Orgasm
the climax of the sexual response cycle.
shortest of the phases
generally lasts a few seconds.
General characteristics include the following:
 Involuntary muscle contractions begin
 Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake of oxygen.
 Muscles in the feet spasm.
 There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
 In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic contractions.
 In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the ejaculation of semen.
 A rash, or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body.
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

4.Resolution
 the body slowly returns to its normal level of functioning
 Congested blood vessels and swollen tissues return to normal
 This phase is marked by a general sense of well-being, enhanced intimacy
and, often, fatigue.
 Some women are capable of a rapid return to the orgasm phase with further
sexual stimulation and may experience multiple orgasms.
 Men need recovery time after orgasm, called a refractory period, during
which they cannot reach orgasm again. The duration of the refractory
period varies among men and usually lengthens with advancing age.
TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or

sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of
the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both
sexes or more than one gender. It is sometimes measured by
how people define themselves, sometimes by their sexual
experiences, and sometimes by their attractions. These
attractions are generally subsumed under 4 categories:
■ 1. Heterosexuality
■ 2. Homosexuality
■ 3. Bisexuality
■ 4. Asexuality
TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION

 Heterosexual: attracted to individuals of the opposite sex (straight)

 Homosexual: attracted to individuals of the same sex (gay,

lesbian)

 Bisexual: attracted to both sexes

 Queer: attracted to the same or both sexes and/or transgendered

individuals

 Asexual: not experiencing sexual attractions

TYPES OF SEXUAL EXPRESSION:

■ 1. Sexual Abstinence or sexual restraint is the practice of refraining from some or all
aspects of sexual activity for medical, psychological, legal, social, financial, philosophical,
moral, or religious reasons.
■ 2. Masturbation is the sexual stimulation of one's own genitals for sexual arousal or other
sexual pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm.
■ 3. Erotic Stimulation- arousal via a stimulus (physical contact, audio, visual, etc)
■ 4. Voyeurism- “peeping Tom”
■ 5. Sadomasochism
■ 6. Exhibitionism
■ 7. Pedophiles
DISORDERS OF SEXUAL FUNCTIONING:

1. Inhibited Sexual Desire

2. Failure to Achieve Orgasm
3. Erectile Dysfunction
4. Premature Ejaculation
5. Persistent Sexual Arousal Syndrome
6. Pain Disorders (vaginismus, dyspareunia, vestibulitis)

Remember !!!
■ Teach adolescents that with sexual maturity comes sexual
■ responsibility. They need to be aware of safer sex practices as
■ protection against both an STI or an unintentional pregnancy.
RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD
 the will and ability of parents to respond to the needs and aspirations
of the family and children (Directional Plan of POPCOM).
 It entails parents’ life-long commitment to be a parent and respond to
the needs and aspiration of family and children
 aspire and work for high quality of life for their children born or to be
born
 the process of putting responsibilities (e.g. for providing essential
services or for meeting the needs ) of children to their parents
 AIM OF RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD

 To empower families so that the couple can be

made aware of their basic responsibilities as
parents, and can be awaken for taking life long
commitment towards their family, community,
society and nation as a whole.
 3 FACTORS IN PARENTING

 Time spent with your child

 Resources utilized for your child
 Energy like hope, motivation and courage given to the
child
 BASIC PRINCIPLES TO RESPONSIBLE
PARENTHOOD

Responsible parenthood

Respect for Life. The 1987 Constitution states that the

government protects the sanctity of life.

Abortion is not a FB method.

 BASIC PRINCIPLES TO RESPONSIBLE
PARENTHOOD
Birth Spacing refers to the interval between pregnancies, which
is ideally 3 years and informed choice.
 includes all decisions by an individual or couple pertaining to having children (which means that
each family has the right and duty to determine the desired number of children they might have
and when they might have them
 responsible parenting which is the proper upbringing and education of children so that they
grow up to be upright, productive and civic-minded citizens
 enables women to recover their health, improves women’s potential to be more productive and
to realize their personal aspiration and allows more time to care for children and
spouse/husband
 that is upholding and ensuring the right of couples to determine the number and spacing of their
children according to their life’s aspirations and reminding couples that planning size of their
families have a direct bearing on the quality of their children’s and their own lies
 BASIC PRINCIPLES TO RESPONSIBLE
PARENTHOOD
Conception=fertilization (meeting of egg and sperm)

Contraception- preventing fertilization

 a regimen of one or more actions, devices, or
medications followed in order to deliberately
prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or
childbirth,
 Birth control
 Termination of pregnancy
 FAMILY
PLANNING
Family Planning (FP) is having the desired number of children and
when you want to have them by using safe and effective modern
methods. Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5 years apart,
which is best for the health of the mother, her child, and the family.
 GOAL OF FAMILY
PLANNING
 to provide universal access to
family planning information and
services wherever and whenever
these are needed, whereby,
contributing to reducing infant
deaths, neonatal deaths, under-five