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Push
Pull
Push or Pull?
Push
Push
Effects of Force
F
F F
Force
A force is an influencing agency which tends to move a stationary body or
which tends to stop a moving body or which tends to change the velocity
(speed or and direction) of a moving body or which tends to change the
shape (and size) of a body.
Balanced Forces
If the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is zero, the forces are
called balanced forces.
Reaction (R)
(Exerted by the table)
F F
Weight (W)
(Force of gravity)
Eg. When a ball is pressed between the hands the forces are balanced
but the ball is changed in its shape and size.
Unbalanced Forces
If the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is not zero, the forces are
called unbalanced forces.
Unbalanced forces can move a stationary body or they can stop a moving
body.
When we talk of a force acting on a body, we usually mean an unbalanced
force.
When the total force on the plane
is in one direction, the force is
called “unbalanced”.
≤f
F>
Weight (W)
Since the block is at rest, the normal reaction R must be equal and opposite
to its weight W.
As long as the applied force F is less than the frictional force, the block is
not moved.
When the applied force is just equal to the friction, the body may move with
uniform velocity.
When the applied force is greater than the friction, the body moves with
acceleration.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
F
The block remains at rest…..
A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in uniform motion will continue
to be in uniform motion, unless and until it is compelled by an external force
to change its state of rest or of uniform motion.
Inertia
Inertia is the inherent property of a body due to which it resists a change in
its state of rest or of uniform motion.
Inertia can be understood in parts, viz. inertia of rest and inertia of motion.
Mass is a measure of the inertia of a body.
Heavier objects have more inertia than lighter objects.
Eg. 1. A stone of size of a football has more inertia than football.
2. A cricket ball has more inertia than a rubber ball of the same size.
Inertia of rest
Examples of Inertia of rest:
1. A passenger in a bus jerks backward when the bus starts suddenly
because the passenger tends to be in inertia of rest whereas the bus is
moved away forcefully.
2. When a bed sheet is flicked away suddenly dust particles fall away as
they tend to be in inertia of rest.
3. When a branch of a tree carrying a mango is suddenly flicked mango falls
off due to inertia of rest.
Examples of inertia of motion:
1. A passenger in a bus jerks forward when the bus stops suddenly because
the passenger tends to be in inertia of motion whereas the bus is stopped
forcefully.
2. An athlete after reaching the finishing point can not stop suddenly or if
he stops suddenly then he falls toppling head down.
3. A car takes some time and moves through some more distance before
coming to rest even after the application of brakes.
4. A rotating fan continues to do so for some more time even after the
current is switched off.
5. An oscillating simple pendulum bob does not halt at the mean position
but continues to move further.
6. When a car or bus turns around a sharp corner, we tend to fall sideways
because of our inertia to continue to move in a straight line.
7. It is dangerous to jump out of a moving bus because the jumping man’s
body is in the state of inertia of motion but the legs are suddenly stopped
by the ground and hence he topples down.
MOMENTUM
Momentum is the quantity of motion in a body and it depends on its mass
and velocity.
Momentum of a body is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.
i.e. Momentum = mass x velocity or p=mxv
Place an 100 g on your outstretched palm. The force you feel is nearly 1
newton !
g
100
Applications of Newton’s Second Law of motion
Note:
• Action and reaction are just forces.
• The forces always occur in pairs.
• Action and reaction do not act on the same body.
• Action and reaction act on different bodies but simultaneously.
• Though action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude but they
do not produce equal acceleration in the two bodies on which they
act.
Examples / Applications of Newton’s Third Law of motion
F F
Reaction Action
= 58 gwt = 58 gwt
100
60
40
20
80
100
60
20
80
40
0
100
100
60
80
40
20
80
40
20
60
0
0
F
Action
F
Reaction
F
F
Force on Force on
bullet gun
(Action) (Reaction)
Recoil of a gun
Identify Action and Reaction
Forward
Motion
Vertical
component
Reaction of reaction Reaction
Horizontal
component
of reaction
Action
Weight Weight
Action
Reaction
Horse and Cart Problem
A horse is urged to pull a cart. The horse refuses to try, citing Newton’s
third law as his defence. “The pull of me on the cart is equal but opposite to
the pull of the cart on me. If I can never exert a greater force (action and
reaction are always equal) on the cart than it exerts on me, how can I ever
set the cart moving?”, asks the horse.
How would you reply?
RC
TCH THC
V Reaction R
f H
WC
Action
WH
Why don’t you educate the Horse properly?
Weight of the cart ‘WC’ is balanced by Reaction ‘RC’ on the cart offered by the
ground.
Forward pull of the horse on the cart ‘THC’ is balanced by the Reaction pull of
the cart on the horse ‘TCH’.
If the horse pushes the ground in a slanting manner (Action), the Reaction
offered by the ground is resolved into Vertical and Horizontal components.
The Vertical component ‘V’ balances the weight of the horse ‘WH’.
If the Horizontal component ‘H’ is greater than the Friction ‘f’, then the horse-
cart system will move forward with acceleration.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
When two or more bodies act upon one another, their total momentum
remains constant provided no external forces are acting on them.
Suppose a big and a small car move in the same direction with different
velocities.
Let the mass of the bigger car be ‘m1’ and its initial velocity is ‘u1’.
Let the mass of the smaller car be ‘m2’ and its initial velocity is ‘u2’
such that u2 < u1.
Suppose both the cars collide for a short time ‘t’.
Due to the collision, the velocities will change.
Let the velocities after the collision be v and v respectively.
Suppose that during collision, the bigger car exerts a force F 1 on the smaller
car and in turn, the smaller car exerts a force F2 on the bigger one.
When the force F1 acts on the smaller car, its velocity changes from u2 to v2.
F1 = m2a2
v2 – u2
F1 = m 2 x
t
When the force F2 acts on the bigger car, its velocity changes from u1 to v1.
F2 = m1a1
v1 – u1
F2 = m 1 x
t
According to Newton’s third law, F 1 = - F2
v2 – u2 v1 – u1
m2 x = - m1 x
t t
Cancelling t on both sides, we get
m2(v2 – u2) = m1(v1 – u1) Initial momentum of the bigger car = m1u1
m2v2 – m2u2 = m1v1 – m1u1 Initial momentum of the smaller car = m2u2
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 Final momentum of the bigger car = m1v1
Final momentum of the smaller car = m2v2
Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision
Recoil of a Test Tube (Activity)